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Test 11 · Rules, courts, police, taxes and armies through time

Zara asks since when «innocent until proven guilty». What is fair?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 1 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: Zara · What happens: ask, prove, be · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 11 of lesson 68 «Rules, courts, police, taxes and armies through time» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Zara asks since when «innocent until proven guilty».

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Zara	Zara	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 asks	nsubj
2	asks	ask	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	since	since	SCONJ	_	6 innocent	mark
4	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	6 innocent	advmod
5	«	«	PUNCT	_	6 innocent	punct
6	innocent	innocent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 asks	ccomp
7	until	until	ADP	_	9 guilty	case
8	proven	prove	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	9 guilty	amod
9	guilty	guilty	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 innocent	obl
10	»	»	PUNCT	_	9 guilty	punct
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 asks	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	ask speech: ask	present	Zara						vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	prove in a quote	participle							vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What is fair?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 fair	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 fair	cop
3	fair	fair	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 fair	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						fair property	tree rules

The options

Option 1 · ✓ the right answer

Old roots in Roman law, though not always followed

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 roots	amod
2	roots	root	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 followed	nsubj:pass
3	in	in	ADP	_	5 law	case
4	Roman	roman	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 law	amod
5	law	law	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 roots	nmod
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 followed	punct
7	though	though	SCONJ	_	10 followed	mark
8	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	10 followed	advmod
9	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	10 followed	advmod
10	followed	follow	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not follow	participle · passive		Old roots in Roman law				always property	vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

Since the days of trial by ordeal and hot iron

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Since	since	ADP	_	3 days	case
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 days	det
3	days	day	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
4	of	of	ADP	_	5 trial	case
5	trial	trial	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 days	nmod
6	by	by	ADP	_	7 ordeal	case
7	ordeal	ordeal	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 trial	nmod
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 iron	cc
9	hot	hot	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 iron	amod
10	iron	iron	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 trial	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	try		ordeal						nom trial «act transitive»: by=agent

Option 3

Only since last year, when a new law was passed

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Only	only	ADV	_	4 year	advmod
2	since	since	ADP	_	4 year	case
3	last	last	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 year	amod
4	year	year	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 passed	punct
6	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	11 passed	advmod
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 law	det
8	new	new	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 law	amod
9	law	law	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 passed	nsubj
10	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	11 passed	aux:pass
11	passed	pass	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 year	acl:relcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	pass	past · passive		a new law					vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V NP»: subject=Trajectory

Option 4

It's not a real idea, just something on TV shows

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 idea	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 idea	cop
3	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	6 idea	advmod
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 idea	det
5	real	real	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 idea	amod
6	idea	idea	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 something	punct
8	just	just	ADV	_	9 something	advmod
9	something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	6 idea	conj
10	on	on	ADP	_	12 shows	case
11	TV	TV	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 shows	compound
12	shows	show	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 something	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not is a	present	It	a real idea					tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/68-rules-courts-police-taxes-and-armies-through-time/t11/