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Test 1 · ★★★ · Ancient India: Ashoka, zero and our numbers

Mate says they're Arabic numerals so the Arabs invented 'em. Fair?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · Who acts: Mate, they, Arabs · What happens: say, be, invent · To what, where: Arabic numerals, 'em · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 1 · ★★★ of lesson 8 «Ancient India: Ashoka, zero and our numbers» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Mate says they're Arabic numerals so the Arabs invented 'em.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Mate	mate	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 says	nsubj
2	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 numerals	nsubj
4	're	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 numerals	cop
5	Arabic	arabic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 numerals	amod
6	numerals	numeral	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 says	ccomp
7	so	so	SCONJ	_	10 invented	mark
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 Arabs	det
9	Arabs	Arab	PROPN	Number=Plur	10 invented	nsubj
10	invented	invent	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 says	ccomp
11	'em	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 invented	obj
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 says	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	Mate						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	is a	present	they	Arabic numerals					tree rules
3	invent	past	the Arabs	'em = they					vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Result

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Fair?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Fair	fair	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
2	?	?	PUNCT	_	1 Fair	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

The options

Option 1

No, the Romans invented them

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	No	no	INTJ	Polarity=Neg	5 invented	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 No	punct
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 Romans	det
4	Romans	Roman	PROPN	Number=Plur	5 invented	nsubj
5	invented	invent	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 invented	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	invent	past	the Romans	them = they					vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Result

Option 2

Yes, and India copied them from the Arabs much later on

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	Polarity=Pos	5 copied	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 copied	punct
3	and	and	CCONJ	_	5 copied	cc
4	India	India	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 copied	nsubj
5	copied	copy	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 copied	obj
7	from	from	ADP	_	9 Arabs	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 Arabs	det
9	Arabs	Arab	PROPN	Number=Plur	5 copied	obl
10	much	much	ADV	_	11 later	advmod
11	later	late	ADV	Degree=Cmp	5 copied	advmod
12	on	on	ADP	_	5 copied	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	copy	past	India	them = they		the Arabs		late property	vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme

Option 3

Yes, they began in Arabia

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	Polarity=Pos	4 began	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Yes	punct
3	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 began	nsubj
4	began	begin	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	in	in	ADP	_	6 Arabia	case
6	Arabia	Arabia	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 began	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	begin	past	they			Arabia			vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

No, they began in India and Arabs passed them on

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	No	no	INTJ	Polarity=Neg	4 began	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 No	punct
3	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 began	nsubj
4	began	begin	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	in	in	ADP	_	6 India	case
6	India	India	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 began	obl
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 passed	cc
8	Arabs	Arab	PROPN	Number=Plur	9 passed	nsubj
9	passed	pass	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 began	conj
10	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 passed	obj
11	on	on	ADP	_	9 passed	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	begin	past	they			India			vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality
2	pass	past	Arabs	them = they					vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme they=Trajectory

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/8-ancient-india-ashoka-zero-and-our-numbers/t1/