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Test 1 · ★★ · How writing began: from tally marks and pictures to the al…

Taffy sends a picture-letter and her mother thinks Tegumai has been hurt. What does this show about pictures?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: Taffy, mother, this · What happens: send, think, hurt, show · To what, where: picture letter, Tegumai · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 1 · ★★ of lesson 82 «How writing began: from tally marks and pictures to the alphabet» of the history course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Taffy sends a picture-letter and her mother thinks Tegumai has been hurt.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Taffy	Taffy	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 sends	nsubj
2	sends	send	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 letter	det
4	picture	picture	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 letter	compound
5	-	-	PUNCT	_	4 picture	punct
6	letter	letter	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 sends	obj
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 thinks	cc
8	her	her	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	9 mother	nmod:poss
9	mother	mother	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 thinks	nsubj
10	thinks	think	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 sends	conj
11	Tegumai	Tegumai	PROPN	Number=Sing	14 hurt	nsubj:pass
12	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	14 hurt	aux
13	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	14 hurt	aux:pass
14	hurt	hurt	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 thinks	ccomp
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 sends	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	send	present	Taffy	a picture letter					vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent letter=Theme
2	think speech: other	present	Taffy's mother						vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme
3	hurt	present · perfect · passive		Tegumai					vn hurt-40.8.3-2 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What does this show about pictures?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	4 show	obj
2	does	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 show	aux
3	this	this	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	4 show	nsubj
4	show	show	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	about	about	ADP	_	6 pictures	case
6	pictures	picture	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 show	obl
7	?	?	PUNCT	_	4 show	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	show	present · do-support	this					about pictures	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent what=Recipient about picture=Topic

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

They can be read in different ways, unlike words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 read	nsubj
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 read	aux
3	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	4 read	aux:pass
4	read	read	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	in	in	ADP	_	7 ways	case
6	different	different	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 ways	amod
7	ways	way	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 read	obl
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 words	punct
9	unlike	unlike	ADP	_	10 words	case
10	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 read	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	read	can · passive		They		different ways		unlike words	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic

Option 2

Pictures are faster to read than any letters

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Pictures	picture	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 faster	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 faster	cop
3	faster	fast	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
4	to	to	PART	_	5 read	mark
5	read	read	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 faster	advcl
6	than	than	ADP	_	8 letters	case
7	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	8 letters	det
8	letters	letter	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 read	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Pictures					fast property	tree rules
2	read	to-infinitive	Pictures not said here					than any letters	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 3

Mothers cannot read pictures at all

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Mothers	mother	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 read	nsubj
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 read	aux
3	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	4 read	advmod
4	read	read	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	pictures	picture	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 read	obj
6	at	at	ADP	_	7 all	case
7	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	4 read	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not read	can	Mothers	pictures		all			vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP PP.value»: agent=Agent picture=Theme at all=Value

Option 4

Pictures always mean exactly one thing to everybody who sees them

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Pictures	picture	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 mean	nsubj
2	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	3 mean	advmod
3	mean	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	exactly	exactly	ADV	_	5 one	advmod
5	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	6 thing	nummod
6	thing	thing	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 mean	obj
7	to	to	ADP	_	8 everybody	case
8	everybody	everybody	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Tot	3 mean	obl
9	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	10 sees	nsubj
10	sees	see	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 everybody	acl:relcl
11	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 sees	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	mean	present	Pictures	one thing				to everybody; always property	vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot thing=Theme to everybody=Attribute
2	see	present		Pictures = picture					vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer they=Stimulus

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/history/82-how-writing-began-from-tally-marks-and-pictures-to-the-alphabet/t1/