Exam question 2 · What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares

Identify the principal reason for which the English word "cat" and the Ukrainian word "кіт" differ, notwithstanding their common referent.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, English word · What happens: identify, differ, notwithstand · To what, where: principal reason, common referent

This is exam question 2 of lesson 1 «What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares» of the language course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 reason	det
3	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 reason	amod
4	reason	reason	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
5	for	for	ADP	_	6 which	case
6	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	20 differ	obl
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 word	det
8	English	English	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 word	amod
9	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 differ	nsubj
10	"	"	PUNCT	_	11 cat	punct
11	cat	cat	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 word	appos
12	"	"	PUNCT	_	11 cat	punct
13	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 word	cc
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 word	det
15	Ukrainian	ukrainian	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 word	amod
16	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 word	conj
17	"	"	PUNCT	_	18 кіт	punct
18	кіт	кіт	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 word	appos
19	"	"	PUNCT	_	18 кіт	punct
20	differ	differ	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 reason	acl:relcl
21	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 notwithstanding	punct
22	notwithstanding	notwithstand	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	20 differ	advcl
23	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	25 referent	nmod:poss
24	common	common	ADJ	Degree=Pos	25 referent	amod
25	referent	referent	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 notwithstanding	obj
26	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the principal reason		vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme
2	differ	present	the English word and the Ukrainian word		for the principal reason	vn correspond-36.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	notwithstand	gerund	the English word and the Ukrainian word not said here	word's common referent		tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The association of word and meaning is established by the convention of each community of speakers

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 association	det
2	association	association	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 established	nsubj:pass
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 word	case
4	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 association	nmod
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 meaning	cc
6	meaning	meaning	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 word	conj
7	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 established	aux:pass
8	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
9	by	by	ADP	_	11 convention	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 convention	det
11	convention	convention	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 established	obl
12	of	of	ADP	_	14 community	case
13	each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	14 community	det
14	community	community	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 convention	nmod
15	of	of	ADP	_	16 speakers	case
16	speakers	speaker	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 community	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	establish	present · passive	the convention of each community of speakers	the association of word and meaning					vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient

Option 2

One of the two forms is officially deemed incorrect

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	One	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	8 deemed	nsubj:pass
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 forms	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 forms	det
4	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	5 forms	nummod
5	forms	form	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 One	nmod
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 deemed	aux:pass
7	officially	officially	ADV	_	8 deemed	advmod
8	deemed	deem	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
9	incorrect	incorrect	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 deemed	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	deem	present · passive		One of the two forms				incorrect, officially property	vn consider-29.9-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Attribute

Option 3

The English form reproduces the natural vocalisation of the animal

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 form	det
2	English	English	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 form	amod
3	form	form	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 reproduces	nsubj
4	reproduces	reproduce	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 vocalisation	det
6	natural	natural	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 vocalisation	amod
7	vocalisation	vocalisation	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 reproduces	obj
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 animal	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 animal	det
10	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 vocalisation	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	reproduce	present	the English form	the natural vocalisation of the animal					vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent vocalisation=Patient
2	vocalise			the animal					nom vocalisation «communication transitive»: of=patient

Option 4

The Ukrainian form constitutes a corruption of the English original

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 form	det
2	Ukrainian	ukrainian	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 form	amod
3	form	form	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 constitutes	nsubj
4	constitutes	constitute	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 corruption	det
6	corruption	corruption	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 constitutes	obj
7	of	of	ADP	_	10 original	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 original	det
9	English	English	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 original	amod
10	original	original	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 corruption	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	constitute	present	the Ukrainian form	a corruption of the English original					vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme corruption=Pivot

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/1-what-language-is-sounds-words-and-rules/e2/