Test 4 · What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares Grace's headline says "Man bites dog!" Her brother says "same as dog bites man, innit." Is he right? ("Innit" here just asks "isn't it?")
Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: headline, Man, Grace, brother, Innit · What happens: say, bite, headline, be, ask, not be · To what, where: dog, same · Speech: someone speaks here
This is test 4 of lesson 1 «What language is: sounds, words and rules everyone shares» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school .
The question Sentence 1: Grace's headline says "Man bites dog!"
nmod:poss case nsubj punct nsubj ccomp obj punct punct root Grace PROPN 's PART headline NOUN says VERB " PUNCT Man NOUN bites VERB dog NOUN ! PUNCT " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Grace Grace PROPN Number=Sing 3 headline nmod:poss 2 's 's PART _ 1 Grace case 3 headline headline NOUN Number=Sing 4 says nsubj 4 says say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 " " PUNCT _ 7 bites punct 6 Man man NOUN Number=Sing 7 bites nsubj 7 bites bite VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 says ccomp 8 dog dog NOUN Number=Sing 7 bites obj 9 ! ! PUNCT _ 7 bites punct 10 " " PUNCT _ 7 bites punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: express present Grace's headline vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 bite in a quote present Man dog vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dog=Patient 3 headline Grace nom headline «communication transitive»: poss=agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: Her brother says "same as dog bites man, innit."
nmod:poss nsubj punct obj case compound compound obl punct conj punct punct root Her PRON brother NOUN says VERB " PUNCT same ADJ as ADP dog NOUN bites NOUN man NOUN , PUNCT innit NOUN . PUNCT " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 brother nmod:poss 2 brother brother NOUN Number=Sing 3 says nsubj 3 says say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 " " PUNCT _ 5 same punct 5 same same ADJ Degree=Pos 3 says obj 6 as as ADP _ 9 man case 7 dog dog NOUN Number=Sing 8 bites compound 8 bites bite NOUN Number=Plur 9 man compound 9 man man NOUN Number=Sing 5 same obl 10 , , PUNCT _ 11 innit punct 11 innit innit NOUN Number=Sing 9 man conj 12 . . PUNCT _ 5 same punct 13 " " PUNCT _ 5 same punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert present headline's brother same vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent same=Topic
Sentence 3: Is he right?
cop nsubj punct root Is AUX he PRON right ADJ ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 right cop 2 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 right nsubj 3 right right ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 ? ? PUNCT _ 3 right punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present brother right property tree rules
Sentence 4: ("Innit" here just asks "isn't it?")
punct punct nsubj punct advmod advmod punct cop advmod ccomp punct punct punct root ( PUNCT " PUNCT Innit PROPN " PUNCT here ADV just ADV asks VERB " PUNCT is AUX n't PART it PRON ? PUNCT " PUNCT ) PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 ( ( PUNCT _ 3 Innit punct 2 " " PUNCT _ 3 Innit punct 3 Innit Innit PROPN Number=Sing 7 asks nsubj 4 " " PUNCT _ 3 Innit punct 5 here here ADV PronType=Dem 7 asks advmod 6 just just ADV _ 7 asks advmod 7 asks ask VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 8 " " PUNCT _ 11 it punct 9 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 it cop 10 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 11 it advmod 11 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 asks ccomp 12 ? ? PUNCT _ 11 it punct 13 " " PUNCT _ 11 it punct 14 ) ) PUNCT _ 7 asks punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 ask speech: ask present Innit here vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 not is a in a quote present same tree rules
The options Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer No, swapping who comes before the verb swaps the meaning
discourse punct csubj nsubj ccomp case det obl det obj root No INTJ , PUNCT swapping VERB who PRON comes VERB before ADP the DET verb NOUN swaps VERB the DET meaning NOUN The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 No no INTJ Polarity=Neg 3 swapping discourse 2 , , PUNCT _ 3 swapping punct 3 swapping swap VERB VerbForm=Ger 9 swaps csubj 4 who who PRON PronType=Rel 5 comes nsubj 5 comes come VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 swapping ccomp 6 before before ADP _ 8 verb case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 verb det 8 verb verb NOUN Number=Sing 5 comes obl 9 swaps swap VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 meaning det 11 meaning meaning NOUN Number=Sing 9 swaps obj
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 swap gerund tree rules 2 come present the verb vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme before verb=Location 3 swap present swapping the meaning vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent meaning=Theme
Option 2 No, because "bites" changes its spelling
discourse punct mark punct nsubj punct nmod:poss obj root No INTJ , PUNCT because SCONJ " PUNCT bites NOUN " PUNCT changes VERB its PRON spelling NOUN The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 No no INTJ Polarity=Neg 7 changes discourse 2 , , PUNCT _ 7 changes punct 3 because because SCONJ _ 7 changes mark 4 " " PUNCT _ 5 bites punct 5 bites bite NOUN Number=Plur 7 changes nsubj 6 " " PUNCT _ 5 bites punct 7 changes change VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 8 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 spelling nmod:poss 9 spelling spelling NOUN Number=Sing 7 changes obj
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 change present bites its spelling vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spelling=Patient 2 spell its = it nom spelling «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Option 3 Yes, because the very same words are used in both of them
discourse punct mark det advmod amod nsubj:pass aux:pass case obl case nmod root Yes INTJ , PUNCT because SCONJ the DET very ADV same ADJ words NOUN are AUX used VERB in ADP both DET of ADP them PRON The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Yes yes INTJ Polarity=Pos 9 used discourse 2 , , PUNCT _ 9 used punct 3 because because SCONJ _ 9 used mark 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 words det 5 very very ADV _ 6 same advmod 6 same same ADJ Degree=Pos 7 words amod 7 words word NOUN Number=Plur 9 used nsubj:pass 8 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 used aux:pass 9 used use VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 10 in in ADP _ 11 both case 11 both both DET PronType=Tot 9 used obl 12 of of ADP _ 13 them case 13 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 both nmod
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use present · passive the same words both vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
Option 4 Yes, because dogs bite more often
discourse punct mark nsubj advmod advmod root Yes INTJ , PUNCT because SCONJ dogs NOUN bite VERB more ADV often ADV The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Yes yes INTJ Polarity=Pos 5 bite discourse 2 , , PUNCT _ 5 bite punct 3 because because SCONJ _ 5 bite mark 4 dogs dog NOUN Number=Plur 5 bite nsubj 5 bite bite VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 more more ADV Degree=Cmp 7 often advmod 7 often often ADV _ 5 bite advmod
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 bite present dogs often property vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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