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Test 4 · ★★ · Grammar puzzles, part one

Your cousin says "the verb always agrees with the nearest noun, innit, so 'each of the boys have'." What's right?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 2 · right ✓ · Who acts: cousin, verb, each · What happens: say, agree, innit, have, be · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 4 · ★★ of lesson 11 «Grammar puzzles, part one» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Your cousin says "the verb always agrees with the nearest noun, innit, so 'each of the boys have'."

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 cousin	nmod:poss
2	cousin	cousin	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 says	nsubj
3	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	"	"	PUNCT	_	8 agrees	punct
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 verb	det
6	verb	verb	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 agrees	nsubj
7	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	8 agrees	advmod
8	agrees	agree	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 says	ccomp
9	with	with	ADP	_	12 noun	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 noun	det
11	nearest	near	ADJ	Degree=Sup	12 noun	amod
12	noun	noun	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 agrees	obl
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 innit	punct
14	innit	innit	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 agrees	conj
15	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 have	punct
16	so	so	ADV	_	22 have	advmod
17	'	'	PUNCT	_	22 have	punct
18	each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	22 have	nsubj
19	of	of	ADP	_	21 boys	case
20	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	21 boys	det
21	boys	boy	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 each	nmod
22	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 says	ccomp
23	'	'	PUNCT	_	22 have	punct
24	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 says	punct
25	"	"	PUNCT	_	3 says	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	Your cousin						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	agree speech: agree in a quote	present	the verb					with the nearest noun; always property	vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V PP.co-agent how S»: agent=Agent with noun=Co-Agent
3	innit in a quote	infinitive	the verb not said here						tree rules
4	have in a quote	present	each						vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What's right?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 right	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 right	cop
3	right	right	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 right	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						right property	tree rules

The options

Option 1

Each of the boy have

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	5 have	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	4 boy	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 boy	det
4	boy	boy	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Each	nmod
5	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	Each						vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Each of the boys has; the subject is each

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	5 has	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	4 boys	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 boys	det
4	boys	boy	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Each	nmod
5	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	;	;	PUNCT	_	5 has	punct
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 subject	det
8	subject	subject	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 has	obj
9	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 each	cop
10	each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	5 has	obl:unmarked

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	Each	the subject				each obl:unmarked	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient

Option 3

He's right, "have" agrees with "boys", the nearest noun

The tree, 10 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 right	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 right	cop
3	right	right	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 agrees	parataxis
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 have	punct
5	"	"	PUNCT	_	6 have	punct
6	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 right	parataxis
7	"	"	PUNCT	_	6 have	punct
8	agrees	agree	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	with	with	ADP	_	11 boys	case
10	"	"	PUNCT	_	11 boys	punct
11	boys	boy	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 agrees	obl
12	"	"	PUNCT	_	11 boys	punct
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 noun	punct
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 noun	det
15	nearest	near	ADJ	Degree=Sup	16 noun	amod
16	noun	noun	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 boys	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	He					right property	tree rules
2	have in a quote	present							vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
3	agree speech: agree	present						with boys and the nearest noun	vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V PP.co-agent how S»: agent=Agent with boy=Co-Agent

Option 4

Each of the boys haves

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	root	root
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 haves	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 haves	det
4	boys	boy	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 haves	compound
5	haves	have	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Each	nmod

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/11-grammar-puzzles-part-one/t4/