Test 5 · Slang and how it changes with every generation Grandma uses "nice" for everything. A friend says "nice has always meant pleasant." What's true?
Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: Grandma, friend · What happens: use, say, mean, be · To what, where: nice · Speech: someone speaks here
This is test 5 of lesson 17 «Slang and how it changes with every generation» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school .
The question Sentence 1: Grandma uses "nice" for everything.
nsubj punct obj punct case obl punct root Grandma NOUN uses VERB " PUNCT nice ADJ " PUNCT for ADP everything PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Grandma grandma NOUN Number=Sing 2 uses nsubj 2 uses use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 " " PUNCT _ 4 nice punct 4 nice nice ADJ Degree=Pos 2 uses obj 5 " " PUNCT _ 4 nice punct 6 for for ADP _ 7 everything case 7 everything everything PRON Number=Sing PronType=Tot 2 uses obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 uses punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use present Grandma nice for everything vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent nice=Theme for everything=Eventuality
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: A friend says "nice has always meant pleasant."
det nsubj punct nsubj:pass aux advmod ccomp xcomp punct punct root A DET friend NOUN says VERB " PUNCT nice ADJ has AUX always ADV meant VERB pleasant ADJ . PUNCT " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 friend det 2 friend friend NOUN Number=Sing 3 says nsubj 3 says say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 " " PUNCT _ 8 meant punct 5 nice nice ADJ Degree=Pos 8 meant nsubj:pass 6 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 meant aux 7 always always ADV PronType=Tot 8 meant advmod 8 meant mean VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 3 says ccomp 9 pleasant pleasant ADJ Degree=Pos 8 meant xcomp 10 . . PUNCT _ 8 meant punct 11 " " PUNCT _ 8 meant punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert present a friend vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 mean in a quote present · perfect · passive nice always, pleasant property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic
Sentence 3: What's true?
nsubj cop punct root What PRON 's AUX true ADJ ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 What what PRON PronType=Int 3 true nsubj 2 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 true cop 3 true true ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 ? ? PUNCT _ 3 true punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present true property tree rules
The options Option 1 It is a brand-new word from the 1990s
nsubj cop det compound punct amod case det nmod root It PRON is AUX a DET brand NOUN - PUNCT new ADJ word NOUN from ADP the DET 1990s NOUN The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 word nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 word cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 word det 4 brand brand NOUN Number=Sing 6 new compound 5 - - PUNCT _ 4 brand punct 6 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 7 word amod 7 word word NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 from from ADP _ 10 1990s case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 1990s det 10 1990s 1990s NOUN Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card 7 word nmod
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present It a new word the 1990s tree rules
Option 2 It meant pleasant in Latin and English never changed it
nsubj xcomp case obl cc conj advmod advcl obj root It PRON meant VERB pleasant ADJ in ADP Latin PROPN and CCONJ English PROPN never ADV changed VERB it PRON The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 meant nsubj 2 meant mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 pleasant pleasant ADJ Degree=Pos 2 meant xcomp 4 in in ADP _ 5 Latin case 5 Latin Latin PROPN Number=Sing 3 pleasant obl 6 and and CCONJ _ 7 English cc 7 English English PROPN Number=Sing 5 Latin conj 8 never never ADV PronType=Neg 9 changed advmod 9 changed change VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 meant advcl 10 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 changed obj
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean past It pleasant property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent 2 not change past it vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient
Option 3 · ✓ the right answer Long ago it meant foolish; meanings drift over time
advmod advmod nsubj xcomp punct nsubj ccomp case obl root Long ADV ago ADV it PRON meant VERB foolish ADJ ; PUNCT meanings NOUN drift VERB over ADP time NOUN The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Long long ADV Degree=Pos 2 ago advmod 2 ago ago ADV _ 4 meant advmod 3 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 4 meant nsubj 4 meant mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 foolish foolish ADJ Degree=Pos 4 meant xcomp 6 ; ; PUNCT _ 8 drift punct 7 meanings meaning NOUN Number=Plur 8 drift nsubj 8 drift drift VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 meant ccomp 9 over over ADP _ 10 time case 10 time time NOUN Number=Sing 8 drift obl
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean past it ago, foolish property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 drift present meanings time vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Option 4 · ← Mova's choice It has always meant pleasant since the Romans
nsubj:pass aux advmod xcomp case det obl root It PRON has AUX always ADV meant VERB pleasant ADJ since ADP the DET Romans PROPN The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 4 meant nsubj:pass 2 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 meant aux 3 always always ADV PronType=Tot 4 meant advmod 4 meant mean VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 pleasant pleasant ADJ Degree=Pos 4 meant xcomp 6 since since ADP _ 8 Romans case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 Romans det 8 Romans Roman PROPN Number=Plur 4 meant obl
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present · perfect · passive It since the Romans always, pleasant property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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