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Test 4 · ★ · Where English came from

Rosa's bro ("bro" means brother) says Middle English is "impossible, it's a different language". What's fairer?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 1 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: bro, Middle English · What happens: mean, say, be · To what, where: brother, different language · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 4 · ★ of lesson 22 «Where English came from» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Rosa's bro ("bro" means brother) says Middle English is "impossible, it's a different language".

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Rosa	Rosa	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 bro	nmod:poss
2	's	's	PART	_	1 Rosa	case
3	bro	bro	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 says	nsubj
4	(	(	PUNCT	_	8 means	punct
5	"	"	PUNCT	_	6 bro	punct
6	bro	bro	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 means	nsubj
7	"	"	PUNCT	_	6 bro	punct
8	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 bro	parataxis
9	brother	brother	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 means	obj
10	)	)	PUNCT	_	8 means	punct
11	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
12	Middle	Middle	PROPN	Number=Sing	13 English	compound
13	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	16 impossible	nsubj
14	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	16 impossible	cop
15	"	"	PUNCT	_	16 impossible	punct
16	impossible	impossible	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 says	ccomp
17	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 language	punct
18	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	22 language	nsubj
19	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	22 language	cop
20	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	22 language	det
21	different	different	ADJ	Degree=Pos	22 language	amod
22	language	language	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 impossible	parataxis
23	"	"	PUNCT	_	22 language	punct
24	.	.	PUNCT	_	11 says	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	mean	present	bro	brother					vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent brother=Topic
2	say speech: assert	present	Rosa's bro						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
3	is in a quote	present	Middle English					impossible property	tree rules
4	is a in a quote	present	bro	a different language					tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What's fairer?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 fairer	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 fairer	cop
3	fairer	fair	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
4	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 fairer	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						fair property	tree rules

The options

Option 1 · ✓ the right answer

With patience and some help you can guess a lot of it

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	With	with	ADP	_	2 patience	case
2	patience	patience	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 help	nsubj
3	and	and	CCONJ	_	2 patience	cc
4	some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	5 help	nsubj
5	help	help	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	8 guess	nsubj
7	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	8 guess	aux
8	guess	guess	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 help	xcomp
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 lot	det
10	lot	lot	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 guess	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	12 it	case
12	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 lot	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	help	present	patience						vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme
2	guess	can	you	a lot of patience					vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lot=Theme

Option 2

It's just modern English with typos

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 English	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 English	cop
3	just	just	ADV	_	5 English	advmod
4	modern	modern	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 English	amod
5	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	with	with	ADP	_	7 typos	case
7	typos	typo	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 English	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	It	modern English				with typos	tree rules

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice

He's right, nobody can read it

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 right	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 right	cop
3	right	right	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 read	punct
5	nobody	nobody	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	7 read	nsubj
6	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	7 read	aux
7	read	read	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 right	parataxis
8	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 read	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	He					right property	tree rules
2	read	can	nobody	it					vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Topic

Option 4

It's actually just Latin

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 Latin	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 Latin	cop
3	actually	actually	ADV	_	5 Latin	advmod
4	just	just	ADV	_	5 Latin	advmod
5	Latin	Latin	PROPN	Number=Sing	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	It	Latin				actually property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/22-where-english-came-from/t4/