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Test 6 · ★ · Where English came from

In a game, a knight in 1300 says "bite" exactly like we do. What's off?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: knight, we · What happens: say, do · To what, where: bite, game · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 6 · ★ of lesson 22 «Where English came from» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: In a game, a knight in 1300 says "bite" exactly like we do.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	3 game	case
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 game	det
3	game	game	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 says	obl
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 game	punct
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 knight	det
6	knight	knight	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 says	nsubj
7	in	in	ADP	_	8 1300	case
8	1300	1300	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	6 knight	nmod
9	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
10	"	"	PUNCT	_	11 bite	punct
11	bite	bite	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 says	obj
12	"	"	PUNCT	_	11 bite	punct
13	exactly	exactly	ADV	_	16 do	advmod
14	like	like	SCONJ	_	16 do	mark
15	we	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	16 do	nsubj
16	do	do	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 says	ccomp
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	9 says	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	a knight in 1300	bite		a game			tree rules
2	do	present	we					exactly property	vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What's off?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	root	root
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 off	cop
3	off	off	ADP	_	1 What	compound:prt
4	?	?	PUNCT	_	1 What	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Knights could not speak, they only wrote

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Knights	knight	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 speak	nsubj
2	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 speak	aux
3	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	4 speak	advmod
4	speak	speak	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 wrote	punct
6	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 wrote	nsubj
7	only	only	ADV	_	8 wrote	advmod
8	wrote	write	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 speak	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not speak speech: other	could	Knights						vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	write	past	Knights = knight						vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

In 1300 "bite" sounded a bit like "beet"

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	2 1300	case
2	1300	1300	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	6 sounded	obl
3	"	"	PUNCT	_	4 bite	punct
4	bite	bite	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 sounded	nsubj
5	"	"	PUNCT	_	4 bite	punct
6	sounded	sound	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 bit	det
8	bit	bit	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 sounded	obl:unmarked
9	like	like	ADP	_	11 beet	case
10	"	"	PUNCT	_	11 beet	punct
11	beet	beet	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 bit	nmod
12	"	"	PUNCT	_	8 bit	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sound	past	bite	a bit like beet		1300			vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in 1300=Location

Option 3

Knights only spoke Latin

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Knights	knight	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 spoke	nsubj
2	only	only	ADV	_	3 spoke	advmod
3	spoke	speak	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	Latin	Latin	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 spoke	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	speak speech: other	past	Knights	Latin					tree rules

Option 4

Nothing, the sounds of words never change over time

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Nothing	nothing	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	8 change	nsubj
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Nothing	punct
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 sounds	det
4	sounds	sound	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 change	nsubj
5	of	of	ADP	_	6 words	case
6	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 sounds	nmod
7	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	8 change	advmod
8	change	change	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	over	over	ADP	_	10 time	case
10	time	time	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 change	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not change	present	Nothing				time		vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/22-where-english-came-from/t6/