Test 8 · ★ · Where English came from Your cousin from Yorkshire says "Shakespeare made up every word, he's mint." ("Mint" means great.) What's fairer?
Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: cousin, Mint · What happens: say, make up, be, mean · To what, where: word, mint · Speech: someone speaks here
This is test 8 · ★ of lesson 22 «Where English came from» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school .
The question Sentence 1: Your cousin from Yorkshire says "Shakespeare made up every word, he's mint."
nmod:poss nsubj case nmod punct compound ccomp compound:prt det obj punct nsubj cop parataxis punct punct root Your PRON cousin NOUN from ADP Yorkshire PROPN says VERB " PUNCT Shakespeare PROPN made VERB up ADP every DET word NOUN , PUNCT he PRON 's AUX mint NOUN . PUNCT " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 cousin nmod:poss 2 cousin cousin NOUN Number=Sing 5 says nsubj 3 from from ADP _ 4 Yorkshire case 4 Yorkshire Yorkshire PROPN Number=Sing 2 cousin nmod 5 says say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 " " PUNCT _ 8 made punct 7 Shakespeare Shakespeare PROPN Number=Sing 8 made compound 8 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 says ccomp 9 up up ADP _ 8 made compound:prt 10 every every DET PronType=Tot 11 word det 11 word word NOUN Number=Sing 8 made obj 12 , , PUNCT _ 15 mint punct 13 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 15 mint nsubj 14 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 15 mint cop 15 mint mint NOUN Number=Sing 5 says parataxis 16 . . PUNCT _ 15 mint punct 17 " " PUNCT _ 15 mint punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert present Your cousin from Yorkshire vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 make up in a quote participle every word vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme word=Pivot 3 is a in a quote present cousin mint tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: ("Mint" means great.)
punct punct nsubj punct xcomp punct punct root ( PUNCT " PUNCT Mint NOUN " PUNCT means VERB great ADJ . PUNCT ) PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 ( ( PUNCT _ 5 means punct 2 " " PUNCT _ 3 Mint punct 3 Mint mint NOUN Number=Sing 5 means nsubj 4 " " PUNCT _ 3 Mint punct 5 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 great great ADJ Degree=Pos 5 means xcomp 7 . . PUNCT _ 5 means punct 8 ) ) PUNCT _ 5 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Mint great property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent
Sentence 3: What's fairer?
nsubj cop punct root What PRON 's AUX fairer ADJ ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 What what PRON PronType=Int 3 fairer nsubj 2 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 fairer cop 3 fairer fair ADJ Degree=Cmp root root 4 ? ? PUNCT _ 3 fairer punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present fair property tree rules
The options Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer He was very creative, but some of his "first" words were probably already spoken
The tree, 14 words nsubj cop advmod punct cc nsubj case nmod:poss punct amod punct nmod aux:pass advmod advmod parataxis root He PRON was AUX very ADV creative ADJ , PUNCT but CCONJ some DET of ADP his PRON " PUNCT first ADJ " PUNCT words NOUN were AUX probably ADV already ADV spoken VERB The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 4 creative nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 creative cop 3 very very ADV _ 4 creative advmod 4 creative creative ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 , , PUNCT _ 17 spoken punct 6 but but CCONJ _ 17 spoken cc 7 some some DET PronType=Ind 17 spoken nsubj 8 of of ADP _ 13 words case 9 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 13 words nmod:poss 10 " " PUNCT _ 11 first punct 11 first first ADJ Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord 13 words amod 12 " " PUNCT _ 11 first punct 13 words word NOUN Number=Plur 7 some nmod 14 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 17 spoken aux:pass 15 probably probably ADV _ 17 spoken advmod 16 already already ADV _ 17 spoken advmod 17 spoken speak VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 creative parataxis
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past He creative property tree rules 2 speak speech: other past · passive some probably property tree rules 3 word his = he nom word «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Option 2 Yes, he invented all English words
discourse punct nsubj det amod obj root Yes INTJ , PUNCT he PRON invented VERB all DET English ADJ words NOUN The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Yes yes INTJ Polarity=Pos 4 invented discourse 2 , , PUNCT _ 1 Yes punct 3 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 4 invented nsubj 4 invented invent VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 all all DET PronType=Tot 7 words det 6 English English ADJ Degree=Pos 7 words amod 7 words word NOUN Number=Plur 4 invented obj
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 invent past he all English words vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Result
Option 3 Yes, and he invented the alphabet too
discourse punct cc nsubj det obj advmod root Yes INTJ , PUNCT and CCONJ he PRON invented VERB the DET alphabet NOUN too ADV The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Yes yes INTJ Polarity=Pos 5 invented discourse 2 , , PUNCT _ 5 invented punct 3 and and CCONJ _ 5 invented cc 4 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 invented nsubj 5 invented invent VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 alphabet det 7 alphabet alphabet NOUN Number=Sing 5 invented obj 8 too too ADV _ 5 invented advmod
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 invent past he the alphabet vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent alphabet=Result
Option 4 No, he never wrote any new words
discourse punct nsubj advmod det amod obj root No INTJ , PUNCT he PRON never ADV wrote VERB any DET new ADJ words NOUN The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 No no INTJ Polarity=Neg 5 wrote discourse 2 , , PUNCT _ 1 No punct 3 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 wrote nsubj 4 never never ADV PronType=Neg 5 wrote advmod 5 wrote write VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 any any DET PronType=Ind 8 words det 7 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 8 words amod 8 words word NOUN Number=Plur 5 wrote obj
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not write past he any new words vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Theme
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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