Exam question 3 · Pronouns: I, me, you, they and who

Identify the principal reason for the emergence of dialect forms such as "youse" and "y'all".

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, dialect forms · What happens: identify, emerge · To what, where: principal reason

This is exam question 3 of lesson 5 «Pronouns: I, me, you, they and who» of the language course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 reason	det
3	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 reason	amod
4	reason	reason	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
5	for	for	ADP	_	7 emergence	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 emergence	det
7	emergence	emergence	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 reason	nmod
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 forms	case
9	dialect	dialect	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 forms	compound
10	forms	form	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 emergence	nmod
11	such	such	ADJ	Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP	14 youse	case
12	as	as	ADP	_	11 such	fixed
13	"	"	PUNCT	_	14 youse	punct
14	youse	youse	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 forms	nmod
15	"	"	PUNCT	_	14 youse	punct
16	and	and	CCONJ	_	18 y'all	cc
17	"	"	PUNCT	_	18 y'all	punct
18	y'all	y'all	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 youse	conj
19	"	"	PUNCT	_	18 y'all	punct
20	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the principal reason				for the emergence of dialect forms such youse and y'all	vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme
2	emerge		dialect forms such youse and y'all						nom emergence «event intransitive»: of=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Standard English possesses no distinct plural form of the second-person pronoun

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Standard	Standard	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 possesses	nsubj
2	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	1 Standard	flat
3	possesses	possess	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	7 form	det
5	distinct	distinct	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 form	amod
6	plural	plural	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 form	amod
7	form	form	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 possesses	obj
8	of	of	ADP	_	13 pronoun	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 pronoun	det
10	second	second	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	12 person	amod
11	-	-	PUNCT	_	10 second	punct
12	person	person	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 pronoun	compound
13	pronoun	pronoun	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 form	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	possess	present	Standard	no distinct plural form of the person pronoun					vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot form=Theme
2	form			the person pronoun					nom form «communication transitive»: of=patient

Option 2

Speakers of those dialects are unacquainted with the word "you"

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Speakers	speaker	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 unacquainted	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	4 dialects	case
3	those	that	DET	Number=Plur PronType=Dem	4 dialects	det
4	dialects	dialect	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Speakers	nmod
5	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 unacquainted	cop
6	unacquainted	unacquainted	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
7	with	with	ADP	_	9 word	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 word	det
9	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 unacquainted	obl
10	"	"	PUNCT	_	11 you	punct
11	you	you	PRON	Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs	9 word	nmod
12	"	"	PUNCT	_	11 you	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Speakers of that dialects					with the word you; unacquainted property	tree rules

Option 3

Such forms derive from errors in printed dictionaries

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Such	such	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 forms	amod
2	forms	form	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 derive	nsubj
3	derive	derive	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	from	from	ADP	_	5 errors	case
5	errors	error	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 derive	obl
6	in	in	ADP	_	8 dictionaries	case
7	printed	print	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 dictionaries	amod
8	dictionaries	dictionary	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 derive	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	derive	present	Such forms			errors		in printed dictionaries	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in dictionary=Location
2	print	participle							vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 4

Such forms were imposed by the authorities of those regions

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Such	such	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 forms	amod
2	forms	form	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 imposed	nsubj
3	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 imposed	aux:pass
4	imposed	impose	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	by	by	ADP	_	7 authorities	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 authorities	det
7	authorities	authority	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 imposed	obl:agent
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 regions	case
9	those	that	DET	Number=Plur PronType=Dem	10 regions	det
10	regions	region	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 authorities	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	impose	past · passive	the authorities of that regions	Such forms					vn enforce-63 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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