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Exam question 4 · Sarcasm, hyperbole and understatement side by side

It is stated in a work of natural history that the heart of a blue whale may weigh approximately one hundred and eighty kilograms. Ascertain the correct classification of this statement.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: heart, natural history, you · What happens: state, weigh, work, ascertain, classify · To what, where: It, work, natural history, correct classification, statement

This is exam question 4 of lesson 52 «Sarcasm, hyperbole and understatement side by side» of the language course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: It is stated in a work of natural history that the heart of a blue whale may weigh approximately one hundred and eighty kilograms.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 stated	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 stated	aux:pass
3	stated	state	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	in	in	ADP	_	6 work	case
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 work	det
6	work	work	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 stated	obl
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 history	case
8	natural	natural	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 history	amod
9	history	history	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 work	nmod
10	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	18 weigh	obj
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 heart	det
12	heart	heart	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 weigh	nsubj
13	of	of	ADP	_	16 whale	case
14	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	16 whale	det
15	blue	blue	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 whale	amod
16	whale	whale	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 heart	nmod
17	may	may	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	18 weigh	aux
18	weigh	weigh	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	9 history	acl:relcl
19	approximately	approximately	ADV	_	21 hundred	advmod
20	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	21 hundred	compound
21	hundred	hundred	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	24 kilograms	nummod
22	and	and	CCONJ	_	23 eighty	cc
23	eighty	eighty	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	21 hundred	conj
24	kilograms	kilogram	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 weigh	obj
25	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 stated	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	state speech: other	present · passive		It		a work of natural history			vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic
2	weigh	may	the heart of a blue whale	natural history					tree rules
3	work		natural history						nom work «act intransitive»: of=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Ascertain the correct classification of this statement.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 classification	det
3	correct	correct	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 classification	amod
4	classification	classification	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Ascertain	obj
5	of	of	ADP	_	7 statement	case
6	this	this	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	7 statement	det
7	statement	statement	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 classification	nmod
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Ascertain	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	ascertain	imperative	you not said here	the correct classification of this statement					vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent classification=Topic
2	classify			this statement					nom classification «act transitive»: of=patient

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

A reported measurement of fact

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 measurement	det
2	reported	report	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 measurement	amod
3	measurement	measurement	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	of	of	ADP	_	5 fact	case
5	fact	fact	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 measurement	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	report	participle							vn characterize-29.2-1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	measure			fact					nom measurement «act transitive»: of=patient

Option 2

An instance of hyperbole

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	An	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 instance	det
2	instance	instance	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 hyperbole	case
4	hyperbole	hyperbole	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 instance	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	instance			hyperbole					nom instance «event transitive»: of=patient

Option 3

An instance of sarcasm

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	An	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 instance	det
2	instance	instance	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 sarcasm	case
4	sarcasm	sarcasm	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 instance	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	instance			sarcasm					nom instance «event transitive»: of=patient

Option 4

An instance of understatement

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	An	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 instance	det
2	instance	instance	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 understatement	case
4	understatement	understatement	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 instance	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	instance			understatement					nom instance «event transitive»: of=patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/52-sarcasm-hyperbole-and-understatement-side-by-side/e4/