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Test 4 · ★ · Prepositions and conjunctions: little words that hold sent…

Your teacher writes "What did you step on?" and Grandad says it breaks a rule. What's the best reply?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: teacher, you, Grandad, best reply · What happens: write, step on, say, break, be · To what, where: rule · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 4 · ★ of lesson 6 «Prepositions and conjunctions: little words that hold sentences together» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Your teacher writes "What did you step on?" and Grandad says it breaks a rule.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 teacher	nmod:poss
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 writes	nsubj
3	writes	write	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	"	"	PUNCT	_	8 step	punct
5	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	8 step	obj
6	did	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	8 step	aux
7	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	8 step	nsubj
8	step	step	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 writes	ccomp
9	on	on	ADP	_	8 step	compound:prt
10	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 step	punct
11	"	"	PUNCT	_	8 step	punct
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 says	cc
13	Grandad	Grandad	PROPN	Number=Sing	14 says	nsubj
14	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 writes	conj
15	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	16 breaks	nsubj
16	breaks	break	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	14 says	ccomp
17	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	18 rule	det
18	rule	rule	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 breaks	obj
19	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 writes	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	write	present	Your teacher						vn say-37.7-1 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	step on in a quote	past · do-support	you						vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial_Location what=Theme
3	say speech: assert	present	Grandad						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
4	break	present	teacher	a rule					vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer rule=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What's the best reply?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	root	root
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 What	cop
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 reply	det
4	best	good	ADJ	Degree=Sup	5 reply	amod
5	reply	reply	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 What	nsubj
6	?	?	PUNCT	_	1 What	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	the best reply						tree rules

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Ending with a preposition is natural English; the rule is a myth

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Ending	end	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	7 English	csubj
2	with	with	ADP	_	4 preposition	case
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 preposition	det
4	preposition	preposition	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Ending	obl
5	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 English	cop
6	natural	natural	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 English	amod
7	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	root	root
8	;	;	PUNCT	_	13 myth	punct
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 rule	det
10	rule	rule	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 myth	nsubj
11	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	13 myth	cop
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 myth	det
13	myth	myth	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 English	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	end	gerund						with a preposition	vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality PP.subeventuality»: agent=Affector with preposition=Subeventuality
2	is a	present	Ending	natural English and a myth					tree rules
3	is a	present	the rule	a myth					tree rules

Option 2

It is fine only in America

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 fine	expl
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 fine	cop
3	fine	fine	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	only	only	ADV	_	6 America	advmod
5	in	in	ADP	_	6 America	case
6	America	America	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 fine	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present				America		fine property	tree rules

Option 3

It is fine only if you whisper it

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 fine	expl
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 fine	cop
3	fine	fine	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	only	only	ADV	_	7 whisper	advmod
5	if	if	SCONJ	_	7 whisper	mark
6	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	7 whisper	nsubj
7	whisper	whisper	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 fine	advcl
8	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 whisper	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						fine property	tree rules
2	whisper speech: assert a condition, not said to happen	present	you	it					vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Topic

Option 4

Grandad is right, it must be "On what did you step?" in every case

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Grandad	Grandad	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 right	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 right	cop
3	right	right	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 step	punct
5	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 step	nsubj
6	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	13 step	aux
7	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	13 step	cop
8	"	"	PUNCT	_	13 step	punct
9	On	on	SCONJ	_	13 step	mark
10	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	13 step	obj
11	did	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	13 step	aux
12	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	13 step	nsubj
13	step	step	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 right	parataxis
14	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 right	punct
15	"	"	PUNCT	_	3 right	punct
16	in	in	ADP	_	18 case	case
17	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	18 case	det
18	case	case	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 right	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Grandad			every case		right property	tree rules
2	is in a quote	must · do-support	it					step property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/6-prepositions-and-conjunctions/t4/