Test 5 · ★ · Kinds of sentences: statements, questions, commands, excla…

What would happen if English had no question marks or rising voices?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · Who acts: English · What happens: happen, have, rise · To what, where: question marks

This is test 5 · ★ of lesson 7 «Kinds of sentences: statements, questions, commands, exclamations» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 happen	nsubj
2	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 happen	aux
3	happen	happen	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	if	if	SCONJ	_	6 had	mark
5	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 had	nsubj
6	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 happen	advcl
7	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	9 marks	det
8	question	question	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 marks	compound
9	marks	mark	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 had	obj
10	or	or	CCONJ	_	12 voices	cc
11	rising	rise	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	12 voices	amod
12	voices	voice	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 marks	conj
13	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 happen	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	happen	would			vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	have a condition, not said to happen	past	English	no question marks or rising voices	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mark=Patient
3	rise	gerund			vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

Every sentence would become a command

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	2 sentence	det
2	sentence	sentence	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 become	nsubj
3	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 become	aux
4	become	become	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 command	det
6	command	command	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 become	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	become	would	every sentence	a command					vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient

Option 2

Nobody could ask anything at all

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Nobody	nobody	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	3 ask	nsubj
2	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 ask	aux
3	ask	ask	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	anything	anything	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	3 ask	obj
5	at	at	ADP	_	6 all	case
6	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	3 ask	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	ask speech: ask	could	Nobody	anything		all			vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent anything=Recipient

Option 3

Nothing, we'd still always know which ones were questions

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Nothing	nothing	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	root	root
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Nothing	punct
3	we	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	7 know	nsubj
4	'd	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	7 know	aux
5	still	still	ADV	_	7 know	advmod
6	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	7 know	advmod
7	know	know	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 Nothing	parataxis
8	which	which	DET	PronType=Int	9 ones	det
9	ones	one	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 questions	nsubj
10	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	11 questions	cop
11	questions	question	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 know	ccomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	know	would	we				still	always property	vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer
2	is a	past	which ones	questions					tree rules

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Questions and statements would be easy to mix up

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Questions	question	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 easy	nsubj
2	and	and	CCONJ	_	3 statements	cc
3	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Questions	conj
4	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	6 easy	aux
5	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	6 easy	cop
6	easy	easy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
7	to	to	PART	_	8 mix	mark
8	mix	mix	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	6 easy	xcomp
9	up	up	ADP	_	8 mix	compound:prt

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	would	Questions and statements					easy property	tree rules
2	mix up	to-infinitive	Questions and statements not said here						vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/7-kinds-of-sentences/t5/