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Exam question 4 · How would we know? Asking experts and spotting tricks

It is asserted that "everybody knows" a certain proposition. Determine the evidential value of such an assertion in itself.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: everybody, you · What happens: assert, know, determine, value · To what, where: It, certain proposition, evidential value, assertion

This is exam question 4 of lesson 30 «How would we know? Asking experts and spotting tricks» of the myths course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: It is asserted that "everybody knows" a certain proposition.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 asserted	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 asserted	aux:pass
3	asserted	assert	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	that	that	SCONJ	_	7 knows	mark
5	"	"	PUNCT	_	7 knows	punct
6	everybody	everybody	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Tot	7 knows	nsubj
7	knows	know	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 asserted	advcl
8	"	"	PUNCT	_	11 proposition	punct
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 proposition	det
10	certain	certain	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 proposition	amod
11	proposition	proposition	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 knows	obj
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 asserted	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	assert	present · passive		It					vn reflexive_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
2	know in a quote	present	everybody	a certain proposition					vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer proposition=Stimulus

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Determine the evidential value of such an assertion in itself.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Determine	determine	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 value	det
3	evidential	evidential	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 value	amod
4	value	value	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Determine	obj
5	of	of	ADP	_	8 assertion	case
6	such	such	DET	PronType=Ind	8 assertion	det:predet
7	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 assertion	det
8	assertion	assertion	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 value	nmod
9	in	in	ADP	_	10 itself	case
10	itself	itself	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Emp Reflex=Yes	8 assertion	nmod
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Determine	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	determine	imperative	you not said here	the evidential value of such assertion in assertion					vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent value=Topic
2	value			such assertion in assertion					nom value «cognition transitive»: of=patient

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

It renders the proposition legally binding

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 renders	nsubj
2	renders	render	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 proposition	det
4	proposition	proposition	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 renders	obj
5	legally	legally	ADV	_	6 binding	advmod
6	binding	bind	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 renders	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	render	present	It	the proposition					vn give-13.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent proposition=Theme
2	bind	gerund						legally property	vn shake-22.3-2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient

Option 2

It constitutes conclusive proof of the proposition

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 constitutes	nsubj
2	constitutes	constitute	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	conclusive	conclusive	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 proof	amod
4	proof	proof	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 constitutes	obj
5	of	of	ADP	_	7 proposition	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 proposition	det
7	proposition	proposition	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 proof	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	constitute	present	It	conclusive proof of the proposition					vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme proof=Pivot
2	proof			the proposition					nom proof «cognition transitive»: of=patient

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

It constitutes no evidence of the proposition's truth

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 constitutes	nsubj
2	constitutes	constitute	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	4 evidence	det
4	evidence	evidence	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 constitutes	obj
5	of	of	ADP	_	9 truth	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 proposition	det
7	proposition	proposition	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 truth	nmod:poss
8	's	's	PART	_	7 proposition	case
9	truth	truth	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 evidence	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	constitute	present	It	no evidence of the proposition's truth					vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme evidence=Pivot
2	evidence			the proposition's truth					nom evidence «cognition transitive»: of=patient

Option 4

It proves the proposition false

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 proves	nsubj
2	proves	prove	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 proposition	det
4	proposition	proposition	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 proves	obj
5	false	false	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 proves	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	prove	present	It	the proposition				false property	vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent proposition=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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