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Test 3 · ★★ · How would we know? Asking experts and spotting tricks

Holly says, "Giant squid are real, so this photo must be real." What's wrong with her reasoning?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: Holly, Giant squid, photo · What happens: say, be, reason · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 3 · ★★ of lesson 30 «How would we know? Asking experts and spotting tricks» of the myths course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Holly says, "Giant squid are real, so this photo must be real."

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Holly	Holly	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 says	nsubj
2	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 real	punct
4	"	"	PUNCT	_	8 real	punct
5	Giant	giant	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 squid	amod
6	squid	squid	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 real	nsubj
7	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 real	cop
8	real	real	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 says	ccomp
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 real	punct
10	so	so	ADV	_	15 real	advmod
11	this	this	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	12 photo	det
12	photo	photo	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 real	nsubj
13	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	15 real	aux
14	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	15 real	cop
15	real	real	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 says	ccomp
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	15 real	punct
17	"	"	PUNCT	_	15 real	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	Holly						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
2	is in a quote	present	Giant squid					real property	tree rules
3	is in a quote	must	this photo					real property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What's wrong with her reasoning?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 wrong	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 wrong	cop
3	wrong	wrong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	with	with	ADP	_	6 reasoning	case
5	her	her	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	6 reasoning	nmod:poss
6	reasoning	reasoning	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 wrong	obl
7	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 wrong	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						with Holly's reasoning; wrong property	tree rules
2	reason		Holly						nom reasoning «cognition intransitive»: poss=agent

The options

Option 1

Giant squid aren't real, so it's fake

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Giant	giant	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 squid	amod
2	squid	squid	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 real	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 real	cop
4	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	5 real	advmod
5	real	real	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 fake	punct
7	so	so	ADV	_	10 fake	advmod
8	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 fake	nsubj
9	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 fake	cop
10	fake	fake	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 real	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not is	present	Giant squid					real property	tree rules
2	is	present	squid					fake property	tree rules

Option 2

Photos of real animals can't be edited by anybody at all

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Photos	photo	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 edited	nsubj:pass
2	of	of	ADP	_	4 animals	case
3	real	real	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 animals	amod
4	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Photos	nmod
5	ca	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	8 edited	aux
6	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	8 edited	advmod
7	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	8 edited	aux:pass
8	edited	edit	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
9	by	by	ADP	_	10 anybody	case
10	anybody	anybody	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	8 edited	obl
11	at	at	ADP	_	12 all	case
12	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	8 edited	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not edit	can · passive	anybody	Photos of real animals		all			tree rules

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice

It's real only if the squid is moving

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 real	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 real	cop
3	real	real	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	only	only	ADV	_	9 moving	advmod
5	if	if	SCONJ	_	9 moving	mark
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 squid	det
7	squid	squid	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 moving	nsubj
8	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 moving	aux
9	moving	move	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 real	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	It					real property	tree rules
2	move a condition, not said to happen	present · progressive	the squid						vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

A real animal can still be shown in an edited photo

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 animal	det
2	real	real	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 animal	amod
3	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 shown	nsubj:pass
4	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	7 shown	aux
5	still	still	ADV	_	7 shown	advmod
6	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	7 shown	aux:pass
7	shown	show	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
8	in	in	ADP	_	11 photo	case
9	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 photo	det
10	edited	edit	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	11 photo	amod
11	photo	photo	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 shown	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	show	can · passive		a real animal			still	in a edited photo	vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: subject=Patient in photo=Topic
2	edit	participle							tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/myths/30-how-would-we-know-asking-experts-and-spotting-tricks/t3/