Exam question 1 · Rockets, record speeds and motion everywhere

Identify the principle by which a rocket is propelled in the absence of an atmosphere.

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 2 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, principle · What happens: identify, propel, absent · To what, where: principle, rocket, absence, atmosphere

This is exam question 1 of lesson 38 «Rockets, record speeds and motion everywhere» of the physics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 principle	det
3	principle	principle	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
4	by	by	ADP	_	5 which	case
5	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	9 propelled	obl
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 rocket	det
7	rocket	rocket	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 propelled	nsubj:pass
8	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 propelled	aux:pass
9	propelled	propel	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 principle	acl:relcl
10	in	in	ADP	_	12 absence	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 absence	det
12	absence	absence	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 propelled	obl
13	of	of	ADP	_	15 atmosphere	case
14	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	15 atmosphere	det
15	atmosphere	atmosphere	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 absence	nmod
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the principle		vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent principle=Theme
2	propel	present · passive	the principle	a rocket	the absence of a atmosphere	tree rules
3	absent			a atmosphere		nom absence «state transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

The rocket is drawn upward by the gravity of the Moon

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 rocket	det
2	rocket	rocket	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 drawn	nsubj:pass
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 drawn	aux:pass
4	drawn	draw	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	upward	upward	ADV	_	4 drawn	advmod
6	by	by	ADP	_	8 gravity	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 gravity	det
8	gravity	gravity	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 drawn	obl
9	of	of	ADP	_	11 Moon	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 Moon	det
11	Moon	Moon	PROPN	Number=Sing	8 gravity	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	draw	present · passive	the gravity of the Moon	the rocket				upward property	vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Gas expelled in one direction exerts an equal push upon the rocket in the opposite direction

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Gas	gas	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 exerts	nsubj
2	expelled	expel	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	1 Gas	acl
3	in	in	ADP	_	5 direction	case
4	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	5 direction	nummod
5	direction	direction	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 expelled	obl
6	exerts	exert	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 push	det
8	equal	equal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 push	amod
9	push	push	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 exerts	obj
10	upon	upon	ADP	_	12 rocket	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 rocket	det
12	rocket	rocket	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 push	nmod
13	in	in	ADP	_	16 direction	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 direction	det
15	opposite	opposite	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 direction	amod
16	direction	direction	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 exerts	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	expel	participle		Gas not said here		one direction			vn banish-10.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	exert	present	Gas	a equal push		the opposite direction		upon the rocket	vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent push=Theme

Option 3

The rocket is borne aloft by the solar wind

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 rocket	det
2	rocket	rocket	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 borne	nsubj:pass
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 borne	aux:pass
4	borne	bear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	aloft	aloft	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 borne	xcomp
6	by	by	ADP	_	9 wind	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 wind	det
8	solar	solar	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 wind	amod
9	wind	wind	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 borne	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	bear	present · passive	the solar wind	the rocket				aloft property	vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient

Option 4

The rocket pushes against the surrounding air

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 rocket	det
2	rocket	rocket	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 pushes	nsubj
3	pushes	push	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	against	against	ADP	_	7 air	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 air	det
6	surrounding	surrounding	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 air	compound
7	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 pushes	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	push	present	the rocket					against the surrounding air	vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP-Conative»: agent=Agent against air=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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