Exam question 4 · Seasons and tides

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the institution of leap years.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern · To what, where: response, institution

This is exam question 4 of lesson 40 «Seasons and tides» of the physics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 institution	det
11	institution	institution	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obj
12	of	of	ADP	_	14 years	case
13	leap	leap	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 years	compound
14	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 institution	nmod
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the institution of leap years		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus institution=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

An additional day is inserted because the Earth accelerates periodically

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	An	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 day	det
2	additional	additional	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 day	amod
3	day	day	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 inserted	obl:unmarked
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 inserted	aux:pass
5	inserted	insert	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	because	because	SCONJ	_	9 accelerates	mark
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 Earth	det
8	Earth	Earth	PROPN	Number=Sing	9 accelerates	nsubj
9	accelerates	accelerate	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 inserted	advcl
10	periodically	periodically	ADV	_	9 accelerates	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	insert	present · passive					day		vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP»
2	accelerate	present	the Earth					periodically property	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

An additional day is inserted every fourth year to account for the excess quarter day

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	An	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 day	det
2	additional	additional	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 day	amod
3	day	day	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 inserted	obl:unmarked
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 inserted	aux:pass
5	inserted	insert	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	8 year	det
7	fourth	fourth	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	8 year	amod
8	year	year	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 inserted	obl:unmarked
9	to	to	PART	_	10 account	mark
10	account	account	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 inserted	advcl
11	for	for	ADP	_	15 day	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 day	det
13	excess	excess	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 quarter	compound
14	quarter	quarter	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 day	compound
15	day	day	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 inserted	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	insert	present · passive					day; year		vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP»

Option 3

An additional day is inserted solely by custom and for no astronomical reason

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	An	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 day	det
2	additional	additional	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 day	amod
3	day	day	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 inserted	obl:unmarked
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 inserted	aux:pass
5	inserted	insert	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	solely	solely	ADV	_	5 inserted	advmod
7	by	by	ADP	_	8 custom	case
8	custom	custom	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 inserted	obl
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 reason	cc
10	for	for	ADP	_	13 reason	case
11	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	13 reason	det
12	astronomical	astronomical	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 reason	amod
13	reason	reason	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 custom	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	insert	present · passive	custom and no astronomical reason				day	solely property	vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Option 4

An additional day is inserted to accommodate the Moon's orbit

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	An	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 day	det
2	additional	additional	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 day	amod
3	day	day	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 inserted	obl:unmarked
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 inserted	aux:pass
5	inserted	insert	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	to	to	PART	_	7 accommodate	mark
7	accommodate	accommodate	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 inserted	xcomp
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 Moon	det
9	Moon	Moon	PROPN	Number=Sing	11 orbit	nmod:poss
10	's	's	PART	_	9 Moon	case
11	orbit	orbit	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 accommodate	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	insert	present · passive					day		tree rules
2	accommodate	to-infinitive		the Moon's orbit					vn adjust-26.9 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent orbit=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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