Exam question 4 · Bots, troll farms and deepfakes in elections

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning foreign accounts at the 2016 United States election.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern · To what, where: response, foreign accounts, 2016 States election

This is exam question 4 of lesson 32 «Bots, troll farms and deepfakes in elections» of the politics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	foreign	foreign	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 accounts	amod
11	accounts	account	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 concerning	obj
12	at	at	ADP	_	17 election	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 election	det
14	2016	2016	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	17 election	nummod
15	United	United	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 States	amod
16	States	State	PROPN	Number=Plur	17 election	compound
17	election	election	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obl
18	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response		consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle					vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	foreign accounts	the 2016 States election		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus account=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

It was reported that such accounts were operated by the electoral authorities in each of the fifty states

The tree, 18 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 reported	nsubj:pass
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 reported	aux:pass
3	reported	report	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	that	that	SCONJ	_	8 operated	mark
5	such	such	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 accounts	amod
6	accounts	account	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 operated	nsubj:pass
7	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	8 operated	aux:pass
8	operated	operate	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 reported	ccomp
9	by	by	ADP	_	12 authorities	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 authorities	det
11	electoral	electoral	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 authorities	amod
12	authorities	authority	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 operated	obl
13	in	in	ADP	_	14 each	case
14	each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	12 authorities	nmod
15	of	of	ADP	_	18 states	case
16	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	18 states	det
17	fifty	fifty	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	18 states	nummod
18	states	state	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 each	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	report	past · passive		It					vn characterize-29.2-1-2 «NP V NP to be ADJ»: subject=Theme clause=Attribute
2	operate	past · passive	the electoral authorities in each	such accounts					vn function-105.2.1-1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Theme subject=Attribute

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

It was reported that such accounts operated, whereas the extent of their effect remains disputed

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 reported	nsubj:pass
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 reported	aux:pass
3	reported	report	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	that	that	SCONJ	_	7 operated	mark
5	such	such	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 accounts	amod
6	accounts	account	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 operated	nsubj
7	operated	operate	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 reported	ccomp
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 extent	punct
9	whereas	whereas	SCONJ	_	11 extent	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 extent	det
11	extent	extent	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 operated	obl
12	of	of	ADP	_	15 remains	case
13	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	15 remains	nmod:poss
14	effect	effect	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 remains	compound
15	remains	remains	NOUN	Number=Ptan	11 extent	nmod
16	disputed	dispute	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	15 remains	acl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	report	past · passive		It		vn characterize-29.2-1-2 «NP V NP to be ADJ»: subject=Theme clause=Attribute
2	operate	past	such accounts		whereas the extent of accounts's effect remains	vn function-105.2.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	dispute	participle		accounts's effect remains not said here		vn battle-36.4 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	extend			accounts's effect remains		nom extent «state transitive»: of=patient

Option 3

It was established that such accounts altered every vote cast

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 established	nsubj:pass
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 established	aux:pass
3	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	that	that	SCONJ	_	7 altered	mark
5	such	such	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 accounts	amod
6	accounts	account	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 altered	nsubj
7	altered	alter	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 established	advcl
8	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	10 cast	det
9	vote	vote	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 cast	compound
10	cast	cast	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 altered	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	establish	past · passive		It					vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
2	alter	past	such accounts	every vote cast					vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent cast=Patient

Option 4

It was established that no such accounts existed

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 established	nsubj:pass
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 established	aux:pass
3	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	that	that	SCONJ	_	8 existed	mark
5	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	7 accounts	det
6	such	such	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 accounts	amod
7	accounts	account	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 existed	nsubj
8	existed	exist	VERB	Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 established	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	establish	past · passive		It					vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
2	exist	past	no such accounts						vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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