Exam question 1 · Around the English-speaking world: Canada, Australia, Irel…

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the system of voting employed in elections to the House of Representatives of Australia?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris, employ · To what, where: system, voting, elections

This is exam question 1 of lesson 9 «Around the English-speaking world: Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand» of the politics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 system	det
10	system	system	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	12 voting	case
12	voting	voting	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 system	nmod
13	employed	employ	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	12 voting	acl
14	in	in	ADP	_	15 elections	case
15	elections	election	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 employed	obl
16	to	to	ADP	_	18 House	case
17	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	18 House	det
18	House	House	PROPN	Number=Sing	13 employed	obl
19	of	of	ADP	_	20 Representatives	case
20	Representatives	Representative	PROPN	Number=Plur	18 House	nmod
21	of	of	ADP	_	22 Australia	case
22	Australia	Australia	PROPN	Number=Sing	20 Representatives	nmod
23	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund				vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present	the system of voting		of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	employ	participle	voting not said here	elections	to the House of Representatives of Australia	vn hire-13.5.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Electors cast one vote for a party and one for a local member

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Electors	elector	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 cast	nsubj
2	cast	cast	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	4 vote	nummod
4	vote	vote	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 cast	obj
5	for	for	ADP	_	7 party	case
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 party	det
7	party	party	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 cast	obl
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 one	cc
9	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	7 party	conj
10	for	for	ADP	_	13 member	case
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 member	det
12	local	local	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 member	amod
13	member	member	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 cast	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	cast	past	Electors	one vote				for a party; for a local member	vn build-26.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent vote=Product for party=Beneficiary

Option 2

Electors are not required to attend, and preferences are not recorded

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Electors	elector	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 required	nsubj:pass
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 required	aux:pass
3	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	4 required	advmod
4	required	require	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	to	to	PART	_	6 attend	mark
6	attend	attend	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 required	xcomp
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 recorded	punct
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 recorded	cc
9	preferences	preference	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 recorded	nsubj:pass
10	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	12 recorded	aux:pass
11	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	12 recorded	advmod
12	recorded	record	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 required	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	roles by
1	not require	present · passive	Electors	vn order-58.3-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: subject=Recipient clause=Topic
2	attend	to-infinitive		vn caring-75.2-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent
3	not record	present · passive	preferences	vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme

Option 3

Electors mark a single cross, and the candidate with the most crosses is elected, irrespective of whether a majority is secured

The tree, 21 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Electors	elector	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 mark	nsubj
2	mark	mark	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 cross	det
4	single	single	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 cross	amod
5	cross	cross	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 mark	obj
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 elected	punct
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	15 elected	cc
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 candidate	det
9	candidate	candidate	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 elected	nsubj:pass
10	with	with	ADP	_	13 crosses	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 crosses	det
12	most	most	ADJ	Degree=Sup	13 crosses	amod
13	crosses	cross	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 candidate	nmod
14	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	15 elected	aux:pass
15	elected	elect	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 mark	conj
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	23 secured	punct
17	irrespective	irrespective	ADV	ExtPos=ADV	23 secured	advmod
18	of	of	ADP	_	17 irrespective	fixed
19	whether	whether	SCONJ	_	23 secured	mark
20	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	21 majority	det
21	majority	majority	NOUN	Number=Sing	23 secured	nsubj:pass
22	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	23 secured	aux:pass
23	secured	secure	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	15 elected	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	mark	present	Electors	a single cross		vn image_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent cross=Destination
2	elect	present · passive		the candidate with the most crosses		vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
3	secure	present · passive		a majority	irrespective property	vn ensure-99 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

Electors rank candidates in order of preference, and votes are transferred until one candidate secures a majority

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Electors	elector	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 rank	nsubj
2	rank	rank	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	candidates	candidate	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 rank	obj
4	in	in	ADP	_	5 order	case
5	order	order	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 rank	obl
6	of	of	ADP	_	7 preference	case
7	preference	preference	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 order	nmod
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 transferred	punct
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 transferred	cc
10	votes	vote	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 transferred	nsubj:pass
11	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	12 transferred	aux:pass
12	transferred	transfer	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 rank	conj
13	until	until	SCONJ	_	16 secures	mark
14	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	15 candidate	nummod
15	candidate	candidate	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 secures	nsubj
16	secures	secure	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	12 transferred	advcl
17	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	18 majority	det
18	majority	majority	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 secures	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	rank	present	Electors	candidates	order of preference	vn characterize-29.2 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent candidate=Theme
2	transfer	present · passive		votes		vn contribute-13.2-2 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: subject=Theme
3	secure	present	one candidate	a majority		vn ensure-99 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition majority=Theme
4	order			preference		nom order «communication transitive»: of=patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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