Exam question 2 · Life begins: being born and growing up

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the development of locomotion in the human infant?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris, develop · To what, where: development, locomotion

This is exam question 2 of lesson 51 «Life begins: being born and growing up» of the religion ethics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 development	det
10	development	development	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	12 locomotion	case
12	locomotion	locomotion	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 development	nmod
13	in	in	ADP	_	16 infant	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 infant	det
15	human	human	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 infant	amod
16	infant	infant	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obl
17	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund			vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present	the development of locomotion	of the following statements; in the human infant; accurately property	tree rules
3	develop		locomotion		nom development «act transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

It is fully present at the moment of birth

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 present	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 present	cop
3	fully	fully	ADV	_	4 present	advmod
4	present	present	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	at	at	ADP	_	7 moment	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 moment	det
7	moment	moment	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 present	obl
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 birth	case
9	birth	birth	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 moment	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	It				moment	fully, present property	tree rules

Option 2

It is acquired solely through formal instruction by physicians

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 acquired	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 acquired	aux:pass
3	acquired	acquire	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	solely	solely	ADV	_	3 acquired	advmod
5	through	through	ADP	_	7 instruction	case
6	formal	formal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 instruction	amod
7	instruction	instruction	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 acquired	obl
8	by	by	ADP	_	9 physicians	case
9	physicians	physician	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 acquired	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	acquire	present · passive	physicians	It		formal instruction		solely property	vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset subject=Theme

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

It is acquired gradually through repeated practice during the first year

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 acquired	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 acquired	aux:pass
3	acquired	acquire	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	gradually	gradually	ADV	_	3 acquired	advmod
5	through	through	ADP	_	7 practice	case
6	repeated	repeat	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 practice	amod
7	practice	practice	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 acquired	obl
8	during	during	ADP	_	11 year	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 year	det
10	first	first	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	11 year	amod
11	year	year	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 acquired	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	acquire	present · passive		It		repeated practice	year	gradually property	vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Theme
2	repeat	participle							vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality

Option 4

It is acquired within the first hour, as in the giraffe

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 acquired	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 acquired	aux:pass
3	acquired	acquire	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	within	within	ADP	_	7 hour	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 hour	det
6	first	first	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	7 hour	amod
7	hour	hour	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 acquired	obl
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 giraffe	punct
9	as	as	ADP	_	12 giraffe	case
10	in	in	ADP	_	12 giraffe	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 giraffe	det
12	giraffe	giraffe	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 acquired	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	acquire	present · passive		It			hour	as the giraffe	vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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