Exam question 4 · Pretend, cover stories and lies that become habits

Ascertain which statement concerning the frequency of lying is consistent with the 2010 study cited.

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 2 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, concerning, 2010 study · What happens: ascertain, concern, be, cite · To what, where: statement, frequency

This is exam question 4 of lesson 85 «Pretend, cover stories and lies that become habits» of the religion ethics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	which	which	DET	PronType=Int	3 statement	det
3	statement	statement	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Ascertain	obj
4	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	10 consistent	csubj
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 frequency	det
6	frequency	frequency	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 concerning	obj
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 lying	case
8	lying	lying	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 frequency	nmod
9	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 consistent	cop
10	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 statement	acl
11	with	with	SCONJ	_	15 cited	mark
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 study	det
13	2010	2010	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	14 study	nummod
14	study	study	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 cited	nsubj
15	cited	cite	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	10 consistent	advcl
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Ascertain	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	ascertain	imperative	you not said here	which statement		vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent statement=Topic
2	concern	gerund		the frequency of lying		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus frequency=Experiencer
3	is	present	concerning	which statement not said here	consistent property	tree rules
4	cite	past	the 2010 study			vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

No person told any falsehood throughout the period of the study

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	No	no	DET	PronType=Neg	2 person	det
2	person	person	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 told	nsubj
3	told	tell	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	5 falsehood	det
5	falsehood	falsehood	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 told	iobj
6	throughout	throughout	ADP	_	8 period	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 period	det
8	period	period	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 told	obl
9	of	of	ADP	_	11 study	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 study	det
11	study	study	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 period	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	tell speech: assert	past	no person		any falsehood		throughout the period of the study		vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent falsehood=Recipient

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The majority of persons told few or no falsehoods on a given day, a small minority accounting for half of all falsehoods

The tree, 22 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 majority	det
2	majority	majority	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 persons	case
4	persons	person	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 majority	nmod
5	told	tell	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 persons	acl
6	few	few	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 told	xcomp
7	or	or	CCONJ	_	9 falsehoods	cc
8	no	no	INTJ	Polarity=Neg	9 falsehoods	discourse
9	falsehoods	falsehood	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 persons	conj
10	on	on	ADP	_	13 day	case
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 day	det
12	given	give	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	13 day	amod
13	day	day	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 falsehoods	nmod
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 accounting	punct
15	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	18 accounting	det
16	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	18 accounting	amod
17	minority	minority	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 accounting	compound
18	accounting	accounting	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 majority	conj
19	for	for	ADP	_	20 half	case
20	half	half	NOUN	Number=Sing NumForm=Word NumType=Frac	18 accounting	nmod
21	of	of	ADP	_	23 falsehoods	case
22	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	23 falsehoods	det
23	falsehoods	falsehood	NOUN	Number=Plur	20 half	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	tell speech: assert	participle		persons or falsehoods on a given day not said here				few property	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	give	participle							vn break_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient

Option 3

Children were found to be responsible for the entirety of falsehoods recorded

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Children	child	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 found	nsubj:pass
2	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 found	aux:pass
3	found	find	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	to	to	PART	_	6 responsible	mark
5	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	6 responsible	cop
6	responsible	responsible	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 found	xcomp
7	for	for	ADP	_	9 entirety	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 entirety	det
9	entirety	entirety	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 responsible	obl
10	of	of	ADP	_	11 falsehoods	case
11	falsehoods	falsehood	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 entirety	nmod
12	recorded	record	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	11 falsehoods	acl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	find	past · passive		Children		vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic
2	is	to-infinitive	Children not said here		for the entirety of falsehoods; responsible property	tree rules
3	record	participle		falsehoods not said here		vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 4

Every person told numerous falsehoods each day without exception

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	2 person	det
2	person	person	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 told	nsubj
3	told	tell	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	numerous	numerous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 falsehoods	amod
5	falsehoods	falsehood	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 told	obj
6	each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	7 day	det
7	day	day	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 told	obl:unmarked
8	without	without	ADP	_	9 exception	case
9	exception	exception	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 told	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	tell speech: assert	past	every person	numerous falsehoods			day	without exception	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent falsehood=Recipient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/religion-ethics/85-pretend-cover-stories-and-lies-that-become-habits/e4/