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Test 4 · ★★★ · How stars die

Two dead stars are compared: one is the size of the Earth, the other only 20 km across but heavier. Which is which?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · What happens: compare, be · To what, where: Two dead stars, one size

This is test 4 · ★★★ of lesson 19 «How stars die» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Two dead stars are compared: one is the size of the Earth, the other only 20 km across but heavier.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	3 stars	nummod
2	dead	dead	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 stars	amod
3	stars	star	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 compared	nsubj:pass
4	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 compared	aux:pass
5	compared	compare	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	:	:	PUNCT	_	10 size	punct
7	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	10 size	nummod
8	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 size	cop
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 size	det
10	size	size	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 compared	obl
11	of	of	ADP	_	13 Earth	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 Earth	det
13	Earth	Earth	PROPN	Number=Sing	10 size	nmod
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	19 km	punct
15	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	19 km	det
16	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	19 km	amod
17	only	only	ADV	_	18 20	advmod
18	20	20	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	19 km	nummod
19	km	km	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 size	conj
20	across	across	ADV	_	19 km	advmod
21	but	but	CCONJ	_	22 heavier	cc
22	heavier	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	10 size	conj
23	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 compared	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	compare	present · passive		Two dead stars					vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
2	is a	present		the one size and the other 20 km				of the Earth	tree rules
3	be								tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Which is which?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	3 which	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 which	cop
3	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	root	root
4	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 which	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present							tree rules

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Both are red giants

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Both	both	DET	PronType=Tot	4 giants	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 giants	cop
3	red	red	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 giants	amod
4	giants	giant	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Both	red giants					tree rules

Option 2

Both are white dwarfs

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Both	both	DET	PronType=Tot	4 dwarfs	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 dwarfs	cop
3	white	white	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 dwarfs	amod
4	dwarfs	dwarf	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Both	white dwarfs					tree rules

Option 3

The first is a neutron star, the second a white dwarf

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 first	det
2	first	first	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	6 star	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 star	cop
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 star	det
5	neutron	neutron	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 star	compound
6	star	star	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 second	punct
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 second	det
9	second	second	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	6 star	conj
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 dwarf	det
11	white	white	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 dwarf	amod
12	dwarf	dwarf	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 second	nsubj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	the first	a neutron star					tree rules
2	be		a white dwarf						tree rules

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

The first is a white dwarf, the second a neutron star

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 first	det
2	first	first	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	6 dwarf	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 dwarf	cop
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 dwarf	det
5	white	white	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 dwarf	amod
6	dwarf	dwarf	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 star	punct
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 second	det
9	second	second	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	12 star	nsubj
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 star	det
11	neutron	neutron	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 star	compound
12	star	star	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 dwarf	appos

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	the first	a white dwarf					tree rules
2	star		the second						tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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