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Test 8 · ★ · Venus

Mia says Venus has always been a dead, unchanging world. What did recent studies suggest?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 1 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: Mia, Venus, recent studies · What happens: say, be, unchang, do, suggest · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 8 · ★ of lesson 4 «Venus» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Mia says Venus has always been a dead, unchanging world.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Mia	Mia	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 says	nsubj
2	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	Venus	Venus	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 been	nsubj
4	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 been	aux
5	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	6 been	advmod
6	been	be	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	2 says	ccomp
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 world	det
8	dead	dead	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 world	amod
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 unchanging	punct
10	unchanging	unchang	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	11 world	amod
11	world	world	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 been	nsubj
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 says	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	Mia						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	be	present · perfect	Venus					always property	vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	unchang	gerund							tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What did recent studies suggest?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	2 did	nsubj
2	did	do	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	recent	recent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 studies	amod
4	studies	study	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 suggest	nsubj
5	suggest	suggest	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 did	ccomp
6	?	?	PUNCT	_	2 did	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	do	past							tree rules
2	suggest speech: suggest	present	recent studies						vn say-37.7-1-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent

The options

Option 1 · ✓ the right answer

Some of its volcanoes are probably still active

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	8 active	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	4 volcanoes	case
3	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	4 volcanoes	nmod:poss
4	volcanoes	volcano	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Some	nmod
5	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 active	cop
6	probably	probably	ADV	_	8 active	advmod
7	still	still	ADV	_	8 active	advmod
8	active	active	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Some				still	active, probably property	tree rules

Option 2

Venus is slowly freezing over, from the poles down

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Venus	Venus	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 freezing	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 freezing	aux
3	slowly	slowly	ADV	_	4 freezing	advmod
4	freezing	freeze	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
5	over	over	ADV	_	4 freezing	advmod
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 poles	punct
7	from	from	ADP	_	9 poles	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 poles	det
9	poles	pole	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 freezing	obl
10	down	down	ADV	_	9 poles	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	freeze over	present · progressive	Venus			the poles		over, slowly property	vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice

Venus has no volcanoes at all, not even any old ones

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Venus	Venus	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 has	nsubj
2	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	4 volcanoes	det
4	volcanoes	volcano	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 has	obj
5	at	at	ADP	_	6 all	case
6	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	4 volcanoes	nmod
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 ones	punct
8	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	12 ones	advmod
9	even	even	ADV	_	12 ones	advmod
10	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	12 ones	det
11	old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 ones	amod
12	ones	one	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 volcanoes	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	Venus	no volcanoes and any old ones		all			vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent volcano=Patient

Option 4

Venus has rivers of water flowing on it even today

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Venus	Venus	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 has	nsubj
2	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	rivers	river	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 has	obj
4	of	of	ADP	_	5 water	case
5	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 rivers	nmod
6	flowing	flow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	3 rivers	acl
7	on	on	ADP	_	8 it	case
8	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 flowing	obl
9	even	even	ADV	_	10 today	advmod
10	today	today	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 flowing	obl:unmarked

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	Venus	rivers of water					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent river=Patient
2	flow	gerund	rivers of water not said here			water	today		vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on it=Location

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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