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Exam question 2 · Correlation is not cause: ice cream and sunburn

It is given that larger fires are attended by a greater number of firefighters and also occasion greater damage. Select the response consistent with the established facts.

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: greater number, you · What happens: give, attend, select, establish · To what, where: It, larger fires, response

This is exam question 2 of lesson 180 «Correlation is not cause: ice cream and sunburn» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: It is given that larger fires are attended by a greater number of firefighters and also occasion greater damage.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 given	nsubj:pass
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 given	aux:pass
3	given	give	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	that	that	SCONJ	_	8 attended	mark
5	larger	large	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	6 fires	amod
6	fires	fire	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 attended	nsubj:pass
7	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 attended	aux:pass
8	attended	attend	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 given	advcl
9	by	by	ADP	_	12 number	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 number	det
11	greater	great	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	12 number	amod
12	number	number	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 attended	obl
13	of	of	ADP	_	14 firefighters	case
14	firefighters	firefighter	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 number	nmod
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	17 occasion	cc
16	also	also	ADV	_	17 occasion	advmod
17	occasion	occasion	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 number	conj
18	greater	great	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	19 damage	amod
19	damage	damage	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 occasion	conj
20	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 given	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	give	present · passive		It					vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
2	attend	present · passive	a greater number of firefighters and occasion and greater damage	larger fires					vn attend-107.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme subject=Goal

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Select the response consistent with the established facts.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 response	amod
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response					vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle							vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot

The options

Option 1

Firefighters are the principal cause of the damage

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Firefighters	firefighter	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 cause	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 cause	cop
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 cause	det
4	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 cause	amod
5	cause	cause	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 damage	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 damage	det
8	damage	damage	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 cause	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Firefighters	the principal cause				of the damage	tree rules

Option 2

The number of firefighters has no relation to the fire

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 number	det
2	number	number	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 has	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 firefighters	case
4	firefighters	firefighter	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 number	nmod
5	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	7 relation	det
7	relation	relation	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 has	obj
8	to	to	ADP	_	10 fire	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 fire	det
10	fire	fire	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 relation	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	the number of firefighters	no relation				to the fire	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent relation=Patient

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice

The damage summons the firefighters to the fire

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 damage	det
2	damage	damage	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 summons	nsubj
3	summons	summon	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 firefighters	det
5	firefighters	firefighter	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 summons	obj
6	to	to	ADP	_	8 fire	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 fire	det
8	fire	fire	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 summons	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	summon	present	the damage	the firefighters				to the fire	vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent firefighter=Recipient

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

The size of the fire determines both quantities, and firefighters reduce the damage

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 size	det
2	size	size	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 determines	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 fire	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 fire	det
5	fire	fire	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 size	nmod
6	determines	determine	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	both	both	DET	PronType=Tot	8 quantities	det
8	quantities	quantity	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 determines	obj
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 reduce	punct
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 reduce	cc
11	firefighters	firefighter	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 reduce	nsubj
12	reduce	reduce	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 determines	conj
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 damage	det
14	damage	damage	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 reduce	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	determine	present	the size of the fire	both quantities					vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent quantity=Topic
2	reduce	present	firefighters	the damage					vn limit-76 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer damage=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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