Exam question 2 · Classifying unusual animals

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises whales?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: whales

This is exam question 2 of lesson 29 «Classifying unusual animals» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	whales	whale	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obj
10	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		whales				of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

They are mammals that breathe air by means of lungs

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 mammals	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 mammals	cop
3	mammals	mammal	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 means	nsubj
4	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	5 breathe	nsubj
5	breathe	breathe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 mammals	acl:relcl
6	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 breathe	obj
7	by	by	ADP	_	5 breathe	obl
8	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	of	of	ADP	_	10 lungs	case
10	lungs	lung	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 means	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is a	present	They	mammals		tree rules
2	breathe	present	mammals	air		vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme
3	mean	present	mammals		of lungs	vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent

Option 2

They are reptiles that lay eggs at sea

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 reptiles	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 reptiles	cop
3	reptiles	reptile	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
4	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	5 lay	nsubj
5	lay	lay	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 reptiles	acl:relcl
6	eggs	egg	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 lay	obj
7	at	at	ADP	_	8 sea	case
8	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 lay	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	They	reptiles					tree rules
2	lay	present	reptiles	eggs		sea			vn put_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent egg=Theme at sea=Destination

Option 3

They are fish that breathe by means of gills

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 fish	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 fish	cop
3	fish	fish	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 means	nsubj
4	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	5 breathe	nsubj
5	breathe	breathe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 fish	acl:relcl
6	by	by	ADP	_	5 breathe	obl
7	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 gills	case
9	gills	gill	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 means	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is a	present	They	fish		tree rules
2	breathe	present	fish			vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	mean	present	fish		of gills	vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent

Option 4

They are amphibians that breathe through their skin

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 amphibians	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 amphibians	cop
3	amphibians	amphibian	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
4	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	5 breathe	nsubj
5	breathe	breathe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 amphibians	acl:relcl
6	through	through	ADP	_	8 skin	case
7	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	8 skin	nmod:poss
8	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 breathe	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	They	amphibians					tree rules
2	breathe	present	amphibians			amphibians's skin			vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/29-classifying-unusual-animals/e2/