Exam question 3 · The skeleton and muscles

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the action of a muscle?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 2 · right ✓ · Who acts: muscle · What happens: follow, characteris, act · To what, where: action

This is exam question 3 of lesson 31 «The skeleton and muscles» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 action	det
10	action	action	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	13 muscle	case
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 muscle	det
13	muscle	muscle	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 action	nmod
14	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund				vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the action of a muscle	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	act		a muscle			nom action «act intransitive»: of=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

A muscle neither pushes nor pulls

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 neither	det
2	muscle	muscle	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 neither	compound
3	neither	neither	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 pushes	nsubj
4	pushes	push	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	nor	nor	CCONJ	Polarity=Neg	6 pulls	cc
6	pulls	pull	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 pushes	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	push	present	a muscle neither						vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent
2	pull	present	a muscle neither not said here						vn slide-11.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

A muscle is able only to pull, never to push

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 muscle	det
2	muscle	muscle	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 able	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 able	cop
4	able	able	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	only	only	ADV	_	7 pull	advmod
6	to	to	PART	_	7 pull	mark
7	pull	pull	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 able	xcomp
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 push	punct
9	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	11 push	advmod
10	to	to	PART	_	11 push	mark
11	push	push	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	7 pull	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	is	present	a muscle	able property	tree rules
2	pull	to-infinitive	a muscle not said here		vn slide-11.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	not push	to-infinitive	a muscle not said here		vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent

Option 3

A muscle is able only to push, never to pull

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 muscle	det
2	muscle	muscle	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 able	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 able	cop
4	able	able	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	only	only	ADV	_	7 push	advmod
6	to	to	PART	_	7 push	mark
7	push	push	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 able	xcomp
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 pull	punct
9	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	11 pull	advmod
10	to	to	PART	_	11 pull	mark
11	pull	pull	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 able	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	is	present	a muscle	able property	tree rules
2	push	to-infinitive	a muscle not said here		vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent
3	not pull	to-infinitive	a muscle not said here		vn slide-11.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 4

A muscle is able both to push and to pull

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 muscle	det
2	muscle	muscle	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 able	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 able	cop
4	able	able	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	both	both	CCONJ	_	7 push	cc:preconj
6	to	to	PART	_	7 push	mark
7	push	push	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 able	xcomp
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 pull	cc
9	to	to	PART	_	10 pull	mark
10	pull	pull	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	7 push	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	is	present	a muscle	able property	tree rules
2	push	to-infinitive	a muscle not said here		vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent
3	pull	to-infinitive	a muscle not said here		vn slide-11.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/31-skeleton-and-muscles/e3/