Test 1 · The Sun as a star and the stars

A boy says the stars are tiny lights much smaller than the Sun. What is true?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · Who acts: boy, stars, Sun. · What happens: say, be · To what, where: tiny lights · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 1 of lesson 5 «The Sun as a star and the stars» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 boy	det
2	boy	boy	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 says	nsubj
3	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 stars	det
5	stars	star	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 lights	nsubj
6	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 lights	cop
7	tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 lights	amod
8	lights	light	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 says	ccomp
9	much	much	ADV	_	10 smaller	advmod
10	smaller	small	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	3 says	ccomp
11	than	than	SCONJ	_	16 true	mark
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 Sun.	det
13	Sun.	Sunday	PROPN	Number=Sing	16 true	nsubj
14	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	16 true	nsubj
15	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	16 true	cop
16	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 smaller	advcl
17	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 says	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	a boy			vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
2	is a	present	the stars	tiny lights		tree rules
3	is	present	the Sun.		true property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

He is right: all stars are tiny, much smaller than the Sun

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 right	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 right	cop
3	right	right	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	:	:	PUNCT	_	8 tiny	punct
5	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	6 stars	det
6	stars	star	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 tiny	nsubj
7	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 tiny	cop
8	tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 right	conj
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 smaller	punct
10	much	much	ADV	_	11 smaller	advmod
11	smaller	small	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	8 tiny	conj
12	than	than	ADP	_	14 Sun	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 Sun	det
14	Sun	Sun	PROPN	Number=Sing	11 smaller	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	is	present	He	right property	tree rules
2	is	present	all stars	tiny property	tree rules
3	be		all stars not said here	than the Sun	tree rules

Option 2

Stars are pieces that broke off the Sun long ago

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Stars	star	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 pieces	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 pieces	cop
3	pieces	piece	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
4	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	5 broke	nsubj
5	broke	break	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 pieces	acl:relcl
6	off	off	ADP	_	8 Sun	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 Sun	det
8	Sun	Sun	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 broke	obl
9	long	long	ADV	Degree=Pos	10 ago	advmod
10	ago	ago	ADV	_	5 broke	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Stars	pieces					tree rules
2	break off	past	pieces	the Sun				ago property	vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer sun=Patient

Option 3

Stars are small holes in the sky that let the light shine through

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Stars	star	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 holes	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 holes	cop
3	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 holes	amod
4	holes	hole	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
5	in	in	ADP	_	7 sky	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 sky	det
7	sky	sky	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 holes	nmod
8	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	9 let	nsubj
9	let	let	VERB	Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 holes	acl:relcl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 light	det
11	light	light	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 let	obj
12	shine	shine	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 let	xcomp
13	through	through	ADV	_	9 let	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Stars	small holes	the sky		tree rules
2	let	past	small holes	the light		through property	tree rules
3	shine through	present	the light not said here				vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Many stars are as big as the Sun or bigger, but very far away

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 stars	amod
2	stars	star	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 big	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 big	cop
4	as	as	ADV	_	5 big	advmod
5	big	big	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	as	as	ADP	_	8 Sun	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 Sun	det
8	Sun	Sun	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 big	obl
9	or	or	CCONJ	_	10 bigger	cc
10	bigger	big	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	5 big	conj
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 away	punct
12	but	but	CCONJ	_	15 away	cc
13	very	very	ADV	_	14 far	advmod
14	far	far	ADV	Degree=Pos	15 away	advmod
15	away	away	ADV	_	5 big	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Many stars					as the Sun; big property	tree rules
2	be		Many stars not said here						tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/5-the-sun-and-the-stars/t1/