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Test 1 · ★★★ · Thinking like a geographer: rivers, mountains and deserts

Lake A has rivers flowing in but none flowing out, and it is in a hot dry land. Lake B has a river flowing out to the sea. Which lake is more likely to be salty?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · Who acts: Lake, rivers, it, river · What happens: have, flow, flow out, be · To what, where: rivers, hot dry land, river

This is test 1 · ★★★ of lesson 50 «Thinking like a geographer: rivers, mountains and deserts» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Lake A has rivers flowing in but none flowing out, and it is in a hot dry land.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Lake	Lake	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 has	nsubj
2	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	1 Lake	flat
3	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	rivers	river	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 has	obj
5	flowing	flow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	4 rivers	acl
6	in	in	ADV	_	5 flowing	advmod
7	but	but	CCONJ	_	8 none	cc
8	none	none	PRON	PronType=Neg	4 rivers	conj
9	flowing	flow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 none	acl
10	out	out	ADP	_	9 flowing	compound:prt
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	19 land	punct
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	19 land	cc
13	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	19 land	nsubj
14	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	19 land	cop
15	in	in	ADP	_	19 land	case
16	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	19 land	det
17	hot	hot	ADJ	Degree=Pos	19 land	amod
18	dry	dry	ADJ	Degree=Pos	19 land	amod
19	land	land	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 has	conj
20	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 has	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	Lake	rivers					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent river=Patient
2	flow	gerund	rivers not said here						vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	flow out	gerund							vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
4	is	present	it			a hot dry land			tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Lake B has a river flowing out to the sea.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Lake	Lake	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 has	nsubj
2	B	B	PROPN	Number=Sing	1 Lake	flat
3	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 river	det
5	river	river	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 has	obj
6	flowing	flow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 river	acl
7	out	out	ADV	_	6 flowing	advmod
8	to	to	ADP	_	10 sea	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 sea	det
10	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 flowing	obl
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 has	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	Lake	a river					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent river=Patient
2	flow out	gerund	a river not said here					to the sea; out property	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Sentence 3: Which lake is more likely to be salty?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	DET	PronType=Int	2 lake	det
2	lake	lake	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 likely	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 likely	cop
4	more	more	ADV	Degree=Cmp	5 likely	advmod
5	likely	likely	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	to	to	PART	_	8 salty	mark
7	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	8 salty	cop
8	salty	salty	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 likely	xcomp
9	?	?	PUNCT	_	5 likely	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	which lake					likely property	tree rules
2	is	to-infinitive	which lake not said here					salty property	tree rules

The options

Option 1

Both are equally fresh

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Both	both	DET	PronType=Tot	4 fresh	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 fresh	cop
3	equally	equally	ADV	_	4 fresh	advmod
4	fresh	fresh	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Both					equally, fresh property	tree rules

Option 2

Both are equally salty

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Both	both	DET	PronType=Tot	4 salty	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 salty	cop
3	equally	equally	ADV	_	4 salty	advmod
4	salty	salty	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Both					equally, salty property	tree rules

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Lake A, because water only leaves it by evaporating

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Lake	Lake	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 leaves	nsubj
2	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	1 Lake	flat
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 leaves	punct
4	because	because	SCONJ	_	7 leaves	mark
5	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 leaves	nsubj
6	only	only	ADV	_	7 leaves	advmod
7	leaves	leave	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 leaves	obj
9	by	by	SCONJ	_	10 evaporating	mark
10	evaporating	evaporate	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	7 leaves	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	leave	present	Lake	water					vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme
2	evaporate	gerund	Lake not said here						vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Option 4

Lake B, because it is joined to the salty sea

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Lake	Lake	PROPN	Number=Sing	root	root
2	B	B	PROPN	Number=Sing	1 Lake	flat
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 joined	punct
4	because	because	SCONJ	_	7 joined	mark
5	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 joined	nsubj
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 joined	aux:pass
7	joined	join	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	1 Lake	acl:relcl
8	to	to	ADP	_	11 sea	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 sea	det
10	salty	salty	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 sea	amod
11	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 joined	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	join	present · passive		it				to the salty sea	vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: subject=Patient to sea=Co-Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/50-why-the-earth-is-so/t1/