Test 3 · ★★★ · Thinking like a geographer: rivers, mountains and deserts

A hot-air balloon rises and the passengers are getting cold, though they are getting a little closer to the Sun. Why?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · Who acts: air balloon, passengers · What happens: rise, get

This is test 3 · ★★★ of lesson 50 «Thinking like a geographer: rivers, mountains and deserts» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 balloon	det
2	hot	hot	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 air	amod
3	-	-	PUNCT	_	2 hot	punct
4	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 balloon	compound
5	balloon	balloon	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 rises	nsubj
6	rises	rise	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 getting	cc
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 passengers	det
9	passengers	passenger	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 getting	nsubj
10	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 getting	aux
11	getting	get	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	6 rises	conj
12	cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 getting	xcomp
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 getting	punct
14	though	though	SCONJ	_	17 getting	mark
15	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	17 getting	nsubj
16	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	17 getting	aux
17	getting	get	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	11 getting	conj
18	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	19 little	det
19	little	little	ADJ	Degree=Pos	20 closer	obl:unmarked
20	closer	close	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	17 getting	xcomp
21	to	to	ADP	_	23 Sun.	case
22	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	23 Sun.	det
23	Sun.	Sunday	PROPN	Number=Sing	20 closer	obl
24	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	20 closer	advmod
25	?	?	PUNCT	_	6 rises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	rise	present	a air balloon		vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	get	present · progressive	the passengers	cold property	vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer
3	get	present · progressive	passengers = passenger	close property	vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

Being closer to the Sun always makes things colder

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Being	be	AUX	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 closer	cop
2	closer	close	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	7 makes	nsubj
3	to	to	ADP	_	5 Sun	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 Sun	det
5	Sun	Sun	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 closer	obl
6	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	7 makes	advmod
7	makes	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	things	thing	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 makes	obj
9	colder	cold	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	7 makes	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	gerund						to the Sun; close property	tree rules
2	make	present	closer	things				always, cold property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset thing=Product

Option 2

The fire of the balloon cools the air around it

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 fire	det
2	fire	fire	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 cools	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 balloon	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 balloon	det
5	balloon	balloon	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 fire	nmod
6	cools	cool	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 air	det
8	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 cools	obj
9	around	around	ADP	_	10 it	case
10	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 cools	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	cool	present	the fire of the balloon	the air		air			vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent air=Patient
2	fire			the balloon					nom fire «event transitive»: of=patient

Option 3

The balloon blocks the sunlight from reaching them

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 balloon	det
2	balloon	balloon	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 blocks	nsubj
3	blocks	block	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 sunlight	det
5	sunlight	sunlight	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 blocks	obj
6	from	from	SCONJ	_	7 reaching	mark
7	reaching	reach	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 blocks	advcl
8	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 reaching	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	block	present	the balloon	the sunlight					vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer sunlight=Theme
2	reach	gerund	the balloon not said here	them = they					vn body_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent they=Theme

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The air higher up is colder because it is thinner and farther from the warm ground

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 air	det
2	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 colder	nsubj
3	higher	high	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	2 air	amod
4	up	up	ADV	_	3 higher	advmod
5	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 colder	cop
6	colder	cold	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
7	because	because	SCONJ	_	10 thinner	mark
8	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 thinner	nsubj
9	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 thinner	cop
10	thinner	thin	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	6 colder	advcl
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 farther	cc
12	farther	far	ADV	Degree=Cmp	10 thinner	conj
13	from	from	ADP	_	16 ground	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 ground	det
15	warm	warm	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 ground	amod
16	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 colder	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	the air			the warm ground		cold property	tree rules
2	is	present	air					thin property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/50-why-the-earth-is-so/t3/