Test 12 · Forces — pushes, pulls, friction and magnets

my brother says heavy things fall cos the air pushes them down. true?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: brother, heavy things, air · What happens: say, fall, push down · To what, where: things · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 12 of lesson 51 «Forces — pushes, pulls, friction and magnets» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	my	my	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 brother	nmod:poss
2	brother	brother	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 says	nsubj
3	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	heavy	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 things	amod
5	things	thing	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 fall	nsubj
6	fall	fall	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 says	ccomp
7	cos	cos	SCONJ	_	10 pushes	mark
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 air	det
9	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 pushes	nsubj
10	pushes	push	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 fall	advcl
11	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 pushes	obj
12	down	down	ADP	_	10 pushes	compound:prt
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	14 true	punct
14	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 says	parataxis
15	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 says	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	my brother		vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	fall	present	heavy things		vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	push down	present	the air	things = thing	vn carry-11.4-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

No, gravity, the pull of the Earth, makes them fall

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	No	no	INTJ	Polarity=Neg	3 gravity	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 gravity	punct
3	gravity	gravity	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 makes	nsubj
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 pull	punct
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 pull	det
6	pull	pull	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 gravity	conj
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 Earth	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 Earth	det
9	Earth	Earth	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 pull	nmod
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 gravity	punct
11	makes	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
12	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 makes	obj
13	fall	fall	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	11 makes	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	make	present	gravity and the pull of the Earth	them = they	tree rules
2	fall	infinitive	them = they not said here		vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	pull			the Earth	nom pull «act transitive»: of=patient

Option 2

Yes, without air nothing would fall

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	Polarity=Pos	7 fall	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Yes	punct
3	without	without	ADP	_	5 nothing	case
4	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 nothing	compound
5	nothing	nothing	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	7 fall	obl
6	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	7 fall	aux
7	fall	fall	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	fall	would						without nothing	vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 3

No, things fall because they are heavy inside

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	No	no	INTJ	Polarity=Neg	4 fall	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 No	punct
3	things	thing	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 fall	nsubj
4	fall	fall	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	because	because	SCONJ	_	8 heavy	mark
6	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 heavy	nsubj
7	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 heavy	cop
8	heavy	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 fall	advcl
9	inside	inside	ADV	_	4 fall	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	fall	present	things					inside property	vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	is	present	things = thing					heavy property	tree rules

Option 4

Yes, air pushes down on everything

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	Polarity=Pos	4 pushes	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Yes	punct
3	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 pushes	nsubj
4	pushes	push	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	down	down	ADV	_	4 pushes	advmod
6	on	on	ADP	_	7 everything	case
7	everything	everything	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Tot	4 pushes	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	push down	present	air					on everything; down property	vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP-Conative»: agent=Agent on everything=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/51-forces/t12/