Test 12 · Rocks, minerals and fossils

Leo says fossils are just old bones that stayed the same for millions of years. true?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: Leo, fossils, old bones · What happens: say, be, stay · To what, where: old bones · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 12 of lesson 61 «Rocks, minerals and fossils» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Leo	Leo	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 says	nsubj
2	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	fossils	fossil	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 bones	nsubj
4	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 bones	cop
5	just	just	ADV	_	7 bones	advmod
6	old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 bones	amod
7	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 says	ccomp
8	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	9 stayed	nsubj
9	stayed	stay	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 bones	acl:relcl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 same	det
11	same	same	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 stayed	xcomp
12	for	for	ADP	_	13 millions	case
13	millions	million	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 stayed	obl
14	of	of	ADP	_	15 years	case
15	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 millions	nmod
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 bones	punct
17	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 says	xcomp
18	?	?	PUNCT	_	2 says	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	Leo		true property	vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
2	is a	present	fossils	old bones		tree rules
3	stay	past	old bones		for millions of years; same property	vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

No, most fossils are remains slowly replaced by minerals and turned to stone

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	No	no	INTJ	Polarity=Neg	8 replaced	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 remains	punct
3	most	most	ADJ	Degree=Sup	4 fossils	amod
4	fossils	fossil	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 remains	nsubj
5	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 remains	cop
6	remains	remains	NOUN	Number=Ptan	8 replaced	nsubj:pass
7	slowly	slowly	ADV	_	8 replaced	advmod
8	replaced	replace	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
9	by	by	ADP	_	10 minerals	case
10	minerals	mineral	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 replaced	obl
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 turned	cc
12	turned	turn	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 replaced	conj
13	to	to	ADP	_	14 stone	case
14	stone	stone	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 turned	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	is a	present	most fossils	remains			tree rules
2	replace	participle · passive	minerals	remains		slowly property	vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme subject=Co-Theme
3	turn	participle	minerals not said here		stone		vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme to stone=Trajectory

Option 2

Yes, but only bones kept frozen in ice

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	Polarity=Pos	7 frozen	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Yes	punct
3	but	but	CCONJ	_	5 bones	cc
4	only	only	ADV	_	5 bones	advmod
5	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 frozen	nsubj:pass
6	kept	keep	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 frozen	aux:pass
7	frozen	freeze	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
8	in	in	ADP	_	9 ice	case
9	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 frozen	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	freeze	past · passive		bones		ice			vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Result

Option 3

Yes, fossils are bones that never changed at all

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	Polarity=Pos	5 bones	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Yes	punct
3	fossils	fossil	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 bones	nsubj
4	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 bones	cop
5	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
6	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 changed	nsubj
7	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	8 changed	advmod
8	changed	change	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 bones	acl:relcl
9	at	at	ADP	_	10 all	case
10	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	8 changed	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	fossils	bones					tree rules
2	not change	past	bones			all			vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 4

No, fossils are only ordinary stones that happen to look like animals by chance

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	No	no	INTJ	Polarity=Neg	7 stones	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 No	punct
3	fossils	fossil	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 stones	nsubj
4	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 stones	cop
5	only	only	ADV	_	7 stones	advmod
6	ordinary	ordinary	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 stones	amod
7	stones	stone	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
8	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	9 happen	nsubj
9	happen	happen	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 stones	acl:relcl
10	to	to	PART	_	11 look	mark
11	look	look	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	9 happen	xcomp
12	like	like	ADP	_	13 animals	case
13	animals	animal	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 look	obl
14	by	by	ADP	_	15 chance	case
15	chance	chance	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 look	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is a	present	fossils	ordinary stones		tree rules
2	happen	present	ordinary stones			tree rules
3	look	to-infinitive	ordinary stones not said here		like animals; by chance	vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent by chance=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/61-rocks-minerals-fossils/t12/