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Test 2 · ★★ · Glaciers, ice ages and polar lands

A huge boulder of granite sits alone in a field where all the rock below is limestone. How could it have got there?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: huge boulder, rock · What happens: sit, be, get · To what, where: field, limestone

This is test 2 · ★★ of lesson 65 «Glaciers, ice ages and polar lands» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: A huge boulder of granite sits alone in a field where all the rock below is limestone.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 boulder	det
2	huge	huge	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 boulder	amod
3	boulder	boulder	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 sits	nsubj
4	of	of	ADP	_	5 granite	case
5	granite	granite	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 boulder	nmod
6	sits	sit	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	alone	alone	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 sits	xcomp
8	in	in	ADP	_	10 field	case
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 field	det
10	field	field	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 sits	obl
11	where	where	ADV	PronType=Rel	17 limestone	advmod
12	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	14 rock	det:predet
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 rock	det
14	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 limestone	nsubj
15	below	below	ADV	_	14 rock	advmod
16	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	17 limestone	cop
17	limestone	limestone	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 field	nmod
18	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 sits	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sit	present	a huge boulder of granite			a field		alone property	vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in field=Location
2	is a	present	all rock	limestone					tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: How could it have got there?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	How	how	ADV	PronType=Int	5 got	advmod
2	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 got	aux
3	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 got	nsubj
4	have	have	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	5 got	aux
5	got	get	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	root	root
6	there	there	ADV	PronType=Dem	5 got	advmod
7	?	?	PUNCT	_	5 got	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	get	could · perfect	rock			there			vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

A glacier carried it and dropped it when the ice melted

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 glacier	det
2	glacier	glacier	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 carried	nsubj
3	carried	carry	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 carried	obj
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 dropped	cc
6	dropped	drop	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 carried	conj
7	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 dropped	obj
8	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	11 melted	advmod
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 ice	det
10	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 melted	nsubj
11	melted	melt	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 dropped	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	carry	past	a glacier	it					vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme
2	drop	past	a glacier not said here	glacier					vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme
3	melt	participle	the ice						vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Option 2

A volcano threw it there last year

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 volcano	det
2	volcano	volcano	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 threw	nsubj
3	threw	throw	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 threw	obj
5	there	there	ADV	PronType=Dem	3 threw	advmod
6	last	last	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 year	amod
7	year	year	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 threw	obl:unmarked

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	throw	past	a volcano	it		there	year		vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme

Option 3

It grew there from the limestone

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 grew	nsubj
2	grew	grow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	there	there	ADV	PronType=Dem	2 grew	advmod
4	from	from	ADP	_	6 limestone	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 limestone	det
6	limestone	limestone	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 grew	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	grow	past	It			there		from the limestone	vn grow-26.2.1 «NP.product V PP.patient»: agent=Product from limestone=Patient

Option 4

A river rolled it uphill

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 river	det
2	river	river	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 rolled	nsubj
3	rolled	roll	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 rolled	obj
5	uphill	uphill	ADV	_	3 rolled	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	roll	past	a river	it				uphill property	vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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