Test 5 · ★★ · Glaciers, ice ages and polar lands

During the ice age, people walked from Asia to North America on dry land where there is sea today. How was that possible?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · Who acts: people, sea · What happens: walk, be · To what, where: North America, Asia

This is test 5 · ★★ of lesson 65 «Glaciers, ice ages and polar lands» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: During the ice age, people walked from Asia to North America on dry land where there is sea today.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	During	during	ADP	_	4 age	case
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 age	det
3	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 age	compound
4	age	age	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 walked	obl
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 age	punct
6	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 walked	nsubj
7	walked	walk	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	from	from	ADP	_	9 Asia	case
9	Asia	Asia	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 walked	obl
10	to	to	ADP	_	12 America	case
11	North	North	PROPN	Number=Sing	12 America	compound
12	America	America	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 walked	obl
13	on	on	ADP	_	15 land	case
14	dry	dry	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 land	amod
15	land	land	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 walked	obl
16	where	where	ADV	PronType=Rel	18 is	advmod
17	there	there	PRON	PronType=Dem	18 is	expl
18	is	be	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	15 land	acl:relcl
19	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 is	nsubj
20	today	today	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 is	nsubj
21	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 walked	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	walk	past	people		North America	Asia	during the ice age	on dry land	vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to america=Result
2	be	present	sea			there			vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: How was that possible?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	How	how	ADV	PronType=Int	4 possible	advmod
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 possible	cop
3	that	that	SCONJ	_	4 possible	mark
4	possible	possible	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	?	?	PUNCT	_	4 possible	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	past						possible property	tree rules

The options

Option 1

The ocean between them had boiled away

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 ocean	det
2	ocean	ocean	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 boiled	nsubj:pass
3	between	between	ADP	_	4 them	case
4	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 ocean	nmod
5	had	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 boiled	aux
6	boiled	boil	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
7	away	away	ADV	_	6 boiled	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	boil away	past · perfect · passive		the ocean between them				away property	vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient

Option 2

The continents were joined by a giant bridge of ice built across the open sea

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 continents	det
2	continents	continent	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 joined	nsubj:pass
3	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 joined	aux:pass
4	joined	join	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	by	by	ADP	_	8 bridge	case
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 bridge	det
7	giant	giant	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 bridge	amod
8	bridge	bridge	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 joined	obl
9	of	of	ADP	_	10 ice	case
10	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 bridge	nmod
11	built	build	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 ice	acl
12	across	across	ADP	_	15 sea	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 sea	det
14	open	open	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 sea	amod
15	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 built	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	join	past · passive	a giant bridge of ice	the continents					vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient
2	build	participle		ice not said here		the open sea			vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The sea was lower because so much water was frozen in ice sheets

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 sea	det
2	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 lower	nsubj
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 lower	cop
4	lower	low	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
5	because	because	SCONJ	_	10 frozen	mark
6	so	so	ADV	_	7 much	advmod
7	much	much	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 water	amod
8	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 frozen	nsubj:pass
9	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	10 frozen	aux:pass
10	frozen	freeze	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 lower	advcl
11	in	in	ADP	_	13 sheets	case
12	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 sheets	compound
13	sheets	sheet	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 frozen	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	past	the sea					low property	tree rules
2	freeze	past · passive		much water		ice sheets			vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Result

Option 4

People could walk on the sea floor under water

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	People	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 walk	nsubj
2	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 walk	aux
3	walk	walk	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	on	on	ADP	_	7 floor	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 floor	det
6	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 floor	compound
7	floor	floor	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 walk	obl
8	under	under	ADP	_	9 water	case
9	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 walk	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	walk	could	People			the sea floor		under water	vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on floor=Trajectory

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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