Test 5 · ★★★ · Being a scientist — fair tests, guesses and evidence Ben predicts that heavier balls fall faster. He drops a heavy and a light ball of the same size and they land together. What should he conclude?
Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: Ben, heavier balls, balls · What happens: predict, fall, drop, land, conclude · To what, where: heavy
This is test 5 · ★★★ of lesson 91 «Being a scientist — fair tests, guesses and evidence» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school .
The question Sentence 1: Ben predicts that heavier balls fall faster.
nsubj mark amod nsubj advcl xcomp punct root Ben PROPN predicts VERB that SCONJ heavier ADJ balls NOUN fall VERB faster ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Ben Ben PROPN Number=Sing 2 predicts nsubj 2 predicts predict VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 that that SCONJ _ 6 fall mark 4 heavier heavy ADJ Degree=Cmp 5 balls amod 5 balls ball NOUN Number=Plur 6 fall nsubj 6 fall fall VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 predicts advcl 7 faster fast ADJ Degree=Cmp 6 fall xcomp 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 predicts punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 predict present Ben vn indicate-78 «NP V how S»: agent=Pivot 2 fall present heavier balls fast property vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: He drops a heavy and a light ball of the same size and they land together.
nsubj det obj cc det amod conj case det amod nmod cc nsubj conj advmod punct root He PRON drops VERB a DET heavy ADJ and CCONJ a DET light ADJ ball NOUN of ADP the DET same ADJ size NOUN and CCONJ they PRON land VERB together ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 drops nsubj 2 drops drop VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 heavy det 4 heavy heavy ADJ Degree=Pos 2 drops obj 5 and and CCONJ _ 8 ball cc 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 ball det 7 light light ADJ Degree=Pos 8 ball amod 8 ball ball NOUN Number=Sing 2 drops conj 9 of of ADP _ 12 size case 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 size det 11 same same ADJ Degree=Pos 12 size amod 12 size size NOUN Number=Sing 8 ball nmod 13 and and CCONJ _ 15 land cc 14 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 15 land nsubj 15 land land VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 drops conj 16 together together ADV _ 15 land advmod 17 . . PUNCT _ 2 drops punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 drop present Ben a heavy vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent heavy=Theme 2 land present balls = ball together property vn pocket-9.10-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Sentence 3: What should he conclude?
obj aux nsubj punct root What PRON should AUX he PRON conclude VERB ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 What what PRON PronType=Int 4 conclude obj 2 should should AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 conclude aux 3 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 4 conclude nsubj 4 conclude conclude VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 ? ? PUNCT _ 4 conclude punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 conclude should Ben vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Theme
The options Option 1 His test must be broken
nmod:poss nsubj:pass aux aux:pass root His PRON test NOUN must AUX be AUX broken VERB The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 His his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 test nmod:poss 2 test test NOUN Number=Sing 5 broken nsubj:pass 3 must must AUX VerbForm=Fin 5 broken aux 4 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 5 broken aux:pass 5 broken break VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 break must · passive His test vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient 2 test His = he nom test «cognition transitive»: poss=agent
Option 2 · ← Mova's choice The light ball must have been pushed
det compound nsubj:pass aux aux aux:pass root The DET light NOUN ball NOUN must AUX have AUX been AUX pushed VERB The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 ball det 2 light light NOUN Number=Sing 3 ball compound 3 ball ball NOUN Number=Sing 7 pushed nsubj:pass 4 must must AUX VerbForm=Fin 7 pushed aux 5 have have AUX VerbForm=Inf 7 pushed aux 6 been be AUX Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 7 pushed aux:pass 7 pushed push VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 push must · perfect · passive the light ball vn carry-11.4-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
Option 3 · ✓ the right answer His prediction was wrong for these balls
nmod:poss nsubj cop case det obl root His PRON prediction NOUN was AUX wrong ADJ for ADP these DET balls NOUN The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 His his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 prediction nmod:poss 2 prediction prediction NOUN Number=Sing 4 wrong nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 wrong cop 4 wrong wrong ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 for for ADP _ 7 balls case 6 these this DET Number=Plur PronType=Dem 7 balls det 7 balls ball NOUN Number=Plur 4 wrong obl
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past His prediction for this balls; wrong property tree rules 2 predict His = he nom prediction «cognition transitive»: poss=agent
Option 4 He should keep only the heavy ball result
nsubj aux advmod det amod compound obl root He PRON should AUX keep VERB only ADV the DET heavy ADJ ball NOUN result NOUN The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 keep nsubj 2 should should AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 keep aux 3 keep keep VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 only only ADV _ 8 result advmod 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 result det 6 heavy heavy ADJ Degree=Pos 8 result amod 7 ball ball NOUN Number=Sing 8 result compound 8 result result NOUN Number=Sing 3 keep obl
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 keep should He the heavy ball result vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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