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Test 7 · ★★★ · Being a scientist — fair tests, guesses and evidence

In a town, children who own more books get better marks. What could explain this other than the books themselves?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: children · What happens: own, get, explain · To what, where: more books, better marks, town, other

This is test 7 · ★★★ of lesson 91 «Being a scientist — fair tests, guesses and evidence» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: In a town, children who own more books get better marks.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	3 town	case
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 town	det
3	town	town	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 get	obl
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 children	punct
5	children	child	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 get	nsubj
6	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	7 own	nsubj
7	own	own	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 children	acl:relcl
8	more	more	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	9 books	amod
9	books	book	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 own	obj
10	get	get	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
11	better	good	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	12 marks	amod
12	marks	mark	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 get	obj
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	10 get	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	own	present	children	more books					vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot book=Theme
2	get	present	children	better marks		a town			vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer mark=Stimulus

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What could explain this other than the books themselves?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 explain	obj
2	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 explain	aux
3	explain	explain	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	this	this	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	5 other	det
5	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 explain	obj
6	than	than	ADP	_	8 books	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 books	det
8	books	book	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 other	obl
9	themselves	themselves	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes	8 books	nmod
10	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 explain	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	explain speech: assert	could		this other					tree rules

The options

Option 1

Books always make children clever by themselves

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Books	book	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 make	nsubj
2	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	3 make	advmod
3	make	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	children	child	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 make	obj
5	clever	clever	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 make	xcomp
6	by	by	ADP	_	7 themselves	case
7	themselves	themselves	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes	3 make	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	present	Books	children				by Books = book; always, clever property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset child=Product

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

Books are given out as prizes for marks only

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Books	book	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 given	nsubj:pass
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 given	aux:pass
3	given	give	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	out	out	ADP	_	3 given	compound:prt
5	as	as	ADP	_	6 prizes	case
6	prizes	prize	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 given	obl
7	for	for	ADP	_	8 marks	case
8	marks	mark	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 given	obl
9	only	only	ADV	_	8 marks	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	give out	present · passive		Books				as prizes; for marks	vn contribute-13.2 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: subject=Theme

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

Something else, like families who read together, causes both

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	10 causes	nsubj
2	else	else	ADV	_	1 Something	advmod
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 families	punct
4	like	like	ADP	_	5 families	case
5	families	family	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Something	conj
6	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	7 read	nsubj
7	read	read	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 families	acl:relcl
8	together	together	ADV	_	7 read	advmod
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Something	punct
10	causes	cause	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
11	both	both	DET	PronType=Tot	10 causes	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	read	present	families					together property	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	cause	present	Something	both					vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition both=Patient

Option 4

Good marks make books appear at home

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Good	good	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 marks	amod
2	marks	mark	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 make	nsubj
3	make	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	books	book	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 appear	nsubj
5	appear	appear	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 make	xcomp
6	at	at	ADP	_	7 home	case
7	home	home	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 appear	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	present	Good marks						tree rules
2	appear	present	books			home			vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at home=Location

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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