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Test 4 · ★ · Transport: from horses to planes

A cart on a muddy road and a wagon on iron rails carry the same load. Why does the wagon need far less pulling?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: cart, wagon · What happens: carry, need, pull · To what, where: same load

This is test 4 · ★ of lesson 99 «Transport: from horses to planes» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: A cart on a muddy road and a wagon on iron rails carry the same load.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 cart	det
2	cart	cart	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 carry	nsubj
3	on	on	ADP	_	6 road	case
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 road	det
5	muddy	muddy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 road	amod
6	road	road	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 cart	nmod
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 wagon	cc
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 wagon	det
9	wagon	wagon	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 road	conj
10	on	on	ADP	_	12 rails	case
11	iron	iron	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 rails	compound
12	rails	rail	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 wagon	nmod
13	carry	carry	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 load	det
15	same	same	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 load	amod
16	load	load	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 carry	obj
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	13 carry	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	carry	present	a cart on a muddy road and a wagon on iron rails	the same load					vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent load=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Why does the wagon need far less pulling?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	5 need	advmod
2	does	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 need	aux
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 wagon	det
4	wagon	wagon	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 need	nsubj
5	need	need	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	far	far	ADV	Degree=Pos	7 less	advmod
7	less	less	ADV	Degree=Cmp	8 pulling	advmod
8	pulling	pull	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	5 need	advcl
9	?	?	PUNCT	_	5 need	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	need	present · do-support	the wagon						vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Pivot
2	pull	gerund	the wagon not said here					less property	vn slide-11.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme

The options

Option 1

Iron rails push the wagon along by magnetism

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Iron	iron	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 rails	compound
2	rails	rail	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 push	nsubj
3	push	push	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 wagon	det
5	wagon	wagon	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 push	obj
6	along	along	ADV	_	3 push	advmod
7	by	by	ADP	_	8 magnetism	case
8	magnetism	magnetism	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 push	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	push	present	Iron rails	the wagon				by magnetism; along property	vn funnel-9.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent wagon=Theme by magnetism=Trajectory

Option 2

Rails make the load lighter

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Rails	rail	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 make	nsubj
2	make	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 load	det
4	load	load	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 make	obj
5	lighter	light	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	2 make	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	present	Rails	the load				light property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.material V NP»: agent=Material load=Product

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice

Mud pulls the cart towards the ground

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Mud	mud	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 pulls	nsubj
2	pulls	pull	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 cart	det
4	cart	cart	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 pulls	obj
5	towards	towards	ADP	_	7 ground	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 ground	det
7	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 pulls	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	pull	present	Mud	the cart		the ground			vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent cart=Theme towards ground=Destination

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

There is much less friction on smooth rails

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	There	there	PRON	PronType=Dem	2 is	expl
2	is	be	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	much	much	ADV	_	4 less	advmod
4	less	less	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	5 friction	amod
5	friction	friction	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 is	nsubj
6	on	on	ADP	_	8 rails	case
7	smooth	smooth	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 rails	amod
8	rails	rail	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 friction	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	be	present	less friction on smooth rails			there			vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/99-transport-horses-to-planes/t4/