Olympiad: thinking like a machine, Bebras puzzles ★★★, sentence 2
A next-word guesser is a counting machine: if after "the" it saw "cat" five times and "dog" twice, it picks "cat", without knowing what a cat is.
Who acts: word guesser, guesser · What happens: be, see, pick, know · To what, where: counting machine, cat
This is a sentence of the lesson «Olympiad: thinking like a machine, Bebras puzzles ★★★» of the ai course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (word guesser, guesser), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 5 guesser | det |
| 2 | next | next | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 word | amod |
| 3 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 2 next | punct |
| 4 | word | word | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 guesser | compound |
| 5 | guesser | guesser | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 machine | nsubj |
| 6 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 9 machine | cop |
| 7 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 9 machine | det |
| 8 | counting | count | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 machine | compound |
| 9 | machine | machine | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 10 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 9 machine | punct |
| 11 | if | if | SCONJ | _ | 17 saw | mark |
| 12 | after | after | SCONJ | _ | 17 saw | mark |
| 13 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 17 saw | punct |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 17 saw | det |
| 15 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 17 saw | punct |
| 16 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 17 saw | nsubj |
| 17 | saw | see | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 9 machine | advcl |
| 18 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 19 cat | punct |
| 19 | cat | cat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 saw | obj |
| 20 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 19 cat | punct |
| 21 | five | five | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 22 times | nummod |
| 22 | times | time | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 saw | obl:unmarked |
| 23 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 dog | cc |
| 24 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 25 dog | punct |
| 25 | dog | dog | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 times | conj |
| 26 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 25 dog | punct |
| 27 | twice | twice | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Mult | 25 dog | advmod |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 picks | punct |
| 29 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 30 picks | nsubj |
| 30 | picks | pick | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 9 machine | conj |
| 31 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 32 cat | punct |
| 32 | cat | cat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 picks | obj |
| 33 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 32 cat | punct |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 36 knowing | punct |
| 35 | without | without | SCONJ | _ | 36 knowing | mark |
| 36 | knowing | know | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 30 picks | advcl |
| 37 | what | what | DET | PronType=Int | 39 cat | det |
| 38 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 39 cat | det |
| 39 | cat | cat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 knowing | obj |
| 40 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 36 knowing | aux |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 9 machine | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed act=assert
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | a word guesser | a counting machine | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | see a condition, not said to happen | past | guesser | cat | time | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer cat=Stimulus | |||
| 3 | pick | present | guesser | cat | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cat=Patient | ||||
| 4 | know | present · progressive | guesser not said here | what cat | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer cat=Stimulus |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:ai:031-olympiad-thinking-like-a-machine.lesson:2.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/ai/31-olympiad-thinking-like-a-machine/2/