Shrek's dragon: real «dragons» and lizards, and why nothing breathes fire, sentence 3
Flying gets harder the heavier you are, because wings and muscles must grow even faster than the body; the biggest fliers ever, pterosaurs with 10-metre wings, were light with hollow bones, so a castle-sized dragon could never take off.
Who acts: you, wings, fliers pterosaurs, sized dragon · What happens: fly, get, be, grow, size, not take off
This is a sentence of the lesson «Shrek's dragon: real «dragons» and lizards, and why nothing breathes fire» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (you, wings, fliers pterosaurs, sized dragon), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Flying | fly | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 2 gets | nsubj |
| 2 | gets | get | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | harder | hard | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 2 gets | xcomp |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 heavier | det |
| 5 | heavier | heavy | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 2 gets | advcl |
| 6 | you | you | PRON | Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs | 5 heavier | nsubj |
| 7 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 heavier | cop |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 grow | punct |
| 9 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 14 grow | mark |
| 10 | wings | wing | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 grow | nsubj |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 muscles | cc |
| 12 | muscles | muscle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 wings | conj |
| 13 | must | must | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 14 grow | aux |
| 14 | grow | grow | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 2 gets | advcl |
| 15 | even | even | ADV | _ | 16 faster | advmod |
| 16 | faster | fast | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 14 grow | xcomp |
| 17 | than | than | ADP | _ | 19 body | case |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 body | det |
| 19 | body | body | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 faster | obl |
| 20 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 26 pterosaurs | punct |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 fliers | det |
| 22 | biggest | big | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 23 fliers | amod |
| 23 | fliers | flier | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 pterosaurs | compound |
| 24 | ever | ever | ADV | PronType=Ind | 23 fliers | advmod |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 fliers | punct |
| 26 | pterosaurs | pterosaur | NOUN | Number=Plur | 34 light | nsubj |
| 27 | with | with | ADP | _ | 31 wings | case |
| 28 | 10 | 10 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 30 metre | nummod |
| 29 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 30 metre | punct |
| 30 | metre | metre | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 wings | compound |
| 31 | wings | wing | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 pterosaurs | nmod |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 wings | punct |
| 33 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 34 light | cop |
| 34 | light | light | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 gets | parataxis |
| 35 | with | with | ADP | _ | 37 bones | case |
| 36 | hollow | hollow | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 37 bones | amod |
| 37 | bones | bone | NOUN | Number=Plur | 34 light | obl |
| 38 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 47 take | punct |
| 39 | so | so | ADV | _ | 47 take | advmod |
| 40 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 44 dragon | det |
| 41 | castle | castle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 43 sized | compound |
| 42 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 41 castle | punct |
| 43 | sized | size | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 44 dragon | amod |
| 44 | dragon | dragon | NOUN | Number=Sing | 47 take | nsubj |
| 45 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 47 take | aux |
| 46 | never | never | ADV | PronType=Neg | 47 take | advmod |
| 47 | take | take | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 34 light | parataxis |
| 48 | off | off | ADP | _ | 47 take | compound:prt |
| 49 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 gets | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | fly | gerund | vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 2 | get | present | hard property | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 3 | is | present | you | heavy property | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | grow | must | wings and muscles | fast property | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 5 | is | past | fliers pterosaurs with metre wings | with hollow bones; light property | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | size | participle | tree rules | ||||||
| 7 | not take off | could | a sized dragon | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:146-shrek-s-dragon-real-dragons-and-lizards.lesson:3.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/146-shrek-s-dragon-real-dragons-and-lizards/3/