Evolution: why giraffes really have long necks, sentence 13
Cave fish in Mexico live in total darkness and lost their eyes over many generations, because eyes cost energy and are useless in the dark; fish of the same species near the surface still have eyes.
Who acts: Cave fish, eyes, fish · What happens: live, lose, cost, be, have · To what, where: total darkness, eyes, many generations, energy, dark
This is a sentence of the lesson «Evolution: why giraffes really have long necks» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Cave fish, eyes, fish), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cave | cave | NOUN | _ | 2 fish | compound |
| 2 | fish | fish | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 live | nsubj |
| 3 | in | in | ADP | _ | 4 Mexico | case |
| 4 | Mexico | Mexico | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 fish | nmod |
| 5 | live | live | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | in | in | ADP | _ | 8 darkness | case |
| 7 | total | total | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 darkness | amod |
| 8 | darkness | darkness | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 live | obl |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 lost | cc |
| 10 | lost | lose | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 live | conj |
| 11 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 12 eyes | nmod:poss |
| 12 | eyes | eye | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 lost | obj |
| 13 | over | over | ADP | _ | 15 generations | case |
| 14 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 generations | amod |
| 15 | generations | generation | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 lost | obl |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 lost | punct |
| 17 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 19 cost | mark |
| 18 | eyes | eye | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 cost | nsubj |
| 19 | cost | cost | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 lost | advcl |
| 20 | energy | energy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 cost | obj |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 23 useless | cc |
| 22 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 useless | cop |
| 23 | useless | useless | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 cost | conj |
| 24 | in | in | ADP | _ | 26 dark | case |
| 25 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 26 dark | det |
| 26 | dark | dark | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 useless | obl |
| 27 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 32 species | punct |
| 28 | fish | fish | NOUN | Number=Plur | 37 have | nsubj |
| 29 | of | of | ADP | _ | 32 species | case |
| 30 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 species | det |
| 31 | same | same | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 32 species | amod |
| 32 | species | species | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 fish | nmod |
| 33 | near | near | ADP | _ | 35 surface | case |
| 34 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 35 surface | det |
| 35 | surface | surface | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 fish | nmod |
| 36 | still | still | ADV | _ | 37 have | advmod |
| 37 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 live | parataxis |
| 38 | eyes | eye | NOUN | Number=Plur | 37 have | obj |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 live | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed act=assert
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | live | present | Cave fish in Mexico | total darkness | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in darkness=Location | ||||
| 2 | lose | past | Cave fish in Mexico not said here | islands's eyes | over many generations | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent eye=Eventuality | |||
| 3 | cost | present | eyes | energy | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme energy=Value | ||||
| 4 | is | present | eyes not said here | the dark | useless property | tree rules | |||
| 5 | have | present | fish of the same species near the surface | eyes | still | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent eye=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:278-evolution-why-giraffes-really-have-long-necks.lesson:13.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/278-evolution-why-giraffes-really-have-long-necks/13/