Evolution: why giraffes really have long necks, sentence 15

Fossils show that early whale relatives such as Pakicetus were land mammals that walked on four legs about 50 million years ago; some whales still have tiny hip bones inside their bodies.

Who acts: Fossils, early whale relatives, land mammals, whales · What happens: show, be, walk, have · To what, where: land mammals, four legs, tiny hip bones, bodies · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Evolution: why giraffes really have long necks» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Fossils, early whale relatives, land mammals, whales), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Fossils	fossil	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 show	nsubj
2	show	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	that	that	SCONJ	_	12 mammals	mark
4	early	early	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 relatives	amod
5	whale	whale	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 relatives	compound
6	relatives	relative	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 mammals	nsubj
7	such	such	ADJ	Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP	9 Pakicetus	case
8	as	as	ADP	_	7 such	fixed
9	Pakicetus	Pakicetus	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 relatives	nmod
10	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	12 mammals	cop
11	land	land	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 mammals	compound
12	mammals	mammal	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 show	ccomp
13	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	14 walked	nsubj
14	walked	walk	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	12 mammals	acl:relcl
15	on	on	ADP	_	17 legs	case
16	four	four	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	17 legs	nummod
17	legs	leg	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 walked	obl
18	about	about	ADV	_	20 million	advmod
19	50	50	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	20 million	compound
20	million	million	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	21 years	nummod
21	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	22 ago	obl:unmarked
22	ago	ago	ADV	_	14 walked	advmod
23	;	;	PUNCT	_	27 have	punct
24	some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	25 whales	det
25	whales	whale	NOUN	Number=Plur	27 have	nsubj
26	still	still	ADV	_	27 have	advmod
27	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 show	parataxis
28	tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	30 bones	amod
29	hip	hip	NOUN	Number=Sing	30 bones	compound
30	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	27 have	obj
31	inside	inside	ADP	_	33 bodies	case
32	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	33 bodies	nmod:poss
33	bodies	body	NOUN	Number=Plur	27 have	obl
34	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 show	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	show	present	Fossils					vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	is a	past	early whale relatives such Pakicetus	land mammals				tree rules
3	walk	past	land mammals		four legs		ago property	vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on leg=Trajectory
4	have	present	some whales	tiny hip bones	whales's bodies	still		vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bone=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:278-evolution-why-giraffes-really-have-long-necks.lesson:15.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/278-evolution-why-giraffes-really-have-long-necks/15/