Natural selection we can watch: moths, finches, germs and tuskless elephants, sentence 8
Antibiotics kill bacteria, but a few may be a bit tougher; if you stop early, the tough ones survive and multiply, and bacteria can become resistant, which is a real danger.
Who acts: Antibiotics, few, you, tough ones, bacteria · What happens: kill, be, stop, survive, multiply, become · To what, where: bacteria, real danger
This is a sentence of the lesson «Natural selection we can watch: moths, finches, germs and tuskless elephants» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Antibiotics, few, you, tough ones), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Antibiotics | antibiotic | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 kill | nsubj |
| 2 | kill | kill | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | bacteria | bacteria | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 kill | obj |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 tougher | punct |
| 5 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 12 tougher | cc |
| 6 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 7 few | det |
| 7 | few | few | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 tougher | nsubj |
| 8 | may | may | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 12 tougher | aux |
| 9 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 12 tougher | cop |
| 10 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 bit | det |
| 11 | bit | bit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 tougher | obl:unmarked |
| 12 | tougher | tough | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 2 kill | conj |
| 13 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 22 survive | punct |
| 14 | if | if | SCONJ | _ | 16 stop | mark |
| 15 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 16 stop | nsubj |
| 16 | stop | stop | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 22 survive | advcl |
| 17 | early | early | ADV | Degree=Pos | 16 stop | advmod |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 stop | punct |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 ones | det |
| 20 | tough | tough | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 ones | amod |
| 21 | ones | one | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 survive | nsubj |
| 22 | survive | survive | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 kill | parataxis |
| 23 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 multiply | cc |
| 24 | multiply | multiply | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 22 survive | conj |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 become | punct |
| 26 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 29 become | cc |
| 27 | bacteria | bacteria | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 become | nsubj |
| 28 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 29 become | aux |
| 29 | become | become | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 22 survive | conj |
| 30 | resistant | resistant | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 29 become | xcomp |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 36 danger | punct |
| 32 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 36 danger | nsubj |
| 33 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 36 danger | cop |
| 34 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 36 danger | det |
| 35 | real | real | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 36 danger | amod |
| 36 | danger | danger | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 resistant | acl:relcl |
| 37 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 kill | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- hedged
- yes
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | kill | present | Antibiotics | bacteria | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacteria=Theme | ||||
| 2 | is | may | a few | a bit obl:unmarked; tough property | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | stop a condition, not said to happen | present | you | early property | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality | ||||
| 4 | survive | present | the tough ones | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 5 | multiply | present | the tough ones not said here | vn birth-28.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 6 | become | can | bacteria | resistant property | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient | ||||
| 7 | is a | present | a real danger | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:279-natural-selection-we-can-watch-moths-finches-germs-and-tuskless-elephants.lesson:8.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/279-natural-selection-we-can-watch-moths-finches-germs-and-tuskless-elephants/8/