Crocodiles and alligators, sentence 0
Crocodiles and alligators are reptiles with four short legs, a long tail and a body that has hardly changed since their ancestors lived alongside the dinosaurs over 200 million years ago, because it is a perfect shape for hiding in water and ambushing prey.
Who acts: Crocodiles, body, ancestors, perfect shape · What happens: be, change, live, hide, ambush · To what, where: reptiles, perfect shape, water, prey
This is a sentence of the lesson «Crocodiles and alligators» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Crocodiles, body, ancestors, perfect shape), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Crocodiles | crocodile | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 reptiles | nsubj |
| 2 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 3 alligators | cc |
| 3 | alligators | alligator | NOUN | Number=Plur | 1 Crocodiles | conj |
| 4 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 reptiles | cop |
| 5 | reptiles | reptile | NOUN | Number=Plur | root | root |
| 6 | with | with | ADP | _ | 9 legs | case |
| 7 | four | four | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 9 legs | nummod |
| 8 | short | short | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 legs | amod |
| 9 | legs | leg | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 reptiles | nmod |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 tail | punct |
| 11 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 13 tail | det |
| 12 | long | long | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 tail | amod |
| 13 | tail | tail | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 legs | conj |
| 14 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 16 body | cc |
| 15 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 16 body | det |
| 16 | body | body | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 tail | conj |
| 17 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 20 changed | nsubj |
| 18 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 20 changed | aux |
| 19 | hardly | hardly | ADV | _ | 20 changed | advmod |
| 20 | changed | change | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 16 body | acl:relcl |
| 21 | since | since | SCONJ | _ | 24 lived | mark |
| 22 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 23 ancestors | nmod:poss |
| 23 | ancestors | ancestor | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 lived | nsubj |
| 24 | lived | live | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 20 changed | advcl |
| 25 | alongside | alongside | ADP | _ | 27 dinosaurs | case |
| 26 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 27 dinosaurs | det |
| 27 | dinosaurs | dinosaur | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 lived | obl |
| 28 | over | over | ADV | _ | 30 million | advmod |
| 29 | 200 | 200 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 30 million | compound |
| 30 | million | million | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 31 years | nummod |
| 31 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 ago | obl |
| 32 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 24 lived | advmod |
| 33 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 39 shape | punct |
| 34 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 39 shape | mark |
| 35 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 39 shape | nsubj |
| 36 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 39 shape | cop |
| 37 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 39 shape | det |
| 38 | perfect | perfect | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 39 shape | amod |
| 39 | shape | shape | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 changed | advcl |
| 40 | for | for | SCONJ | _ | 41 hiding | mark |
| 41 | hiding | hide | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 39 shape | acl |
| 42 | in | in | ADP | _ | 43 water | case |
| 43 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 hiding | obl |
| 44 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 45 ambushing | cc |
| 45 | ambushing | ambush | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 41 hiding | conj |
| 46 | prey | prey | NOUN | Number=Sing | 45 ambushing | obj |
| 47 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 reptiles | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | Crocodiles and alligators | reptiles | with four short legs and a long tail and a body | tree rules | |||
| 2 | change | present · perfect | a body | hardly property | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 3 | live | past | Crocodiles's ancestors | alongside the dinosaurs; ago property | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme alongside dinosaur=Location | ||||
| 4 | is a | present | body | a perfect shape | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | hide | gerund | a perfect shape not said here | water | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in water=Location | ||||
| 6 | ambush | gerund | a perfect shape not said here | prey | vn attack-60.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent prey=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:029-crocodiles-and-alligators.lesson:0.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×3, R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/29-crocodiles-and-alligators/0/