Beetles: the biggest group of animals on Earth, wing cases and six legs, sentence 10
A beetle's hard front wings are called elytra; they cover the soft flying wings, lift up in flight, and the thin back wings fold like origami to fit underneath.
Who acts: wings, thin back wings · What happens: call, cover, lift up, fold, fit · To what, where: hard front wings, soft flying wings, flight · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Beetles: the biggest group of animals on Earth, wing cases and six legs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (wings, thin back wings), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 2 beetle | det |
| 2 | beetle | beetle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 wings | nmod:poss |
| 3 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 2 beetle | case |
| 4 | hard | hard | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 wings | amod |
| 5 | front | front | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 wings | amod |
| 6 | wings | wing | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 called | nsubj:pass |
| 7 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 8 called | aux:pass |
| 8 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 9 | elytra | elytra | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 called | xcomp |
| 10 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 12 cover | punct |
| 11 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 12 cover | nsubj |
| 12 | cover | cover | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 8 called | parataxis |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 wings | det |
| 14 | soft | soft | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 wings | amod |
| 15 | flying | flying | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 wings | compound |
| 16 | wings | wing | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 cover | obj |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 lift | punct |
| 18 | lift | lift | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 cover | conj |
| 19 | up | up | ADP | _ | 18 lift | compound:prt |
| 20 | in | in | ADP | _ | 21 flight | case |
| 21 | flight | flight | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 lift | obl |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 fold | punct |
| 23 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 28 fold | cc |
| 24 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 27 wings | det |
| 25 | thin | thin | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 27 wings | amod |
| 26 | back | back | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 wings | compound |
| 27 | wings | wing | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 fold | nsubj |
| 28 | fold | fold | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 cover | conj |
| 29 | like | like | ADP | _ | 30 origami | case |
| 30 | origami | origami | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 fold | obl |
| 31 | to | to | PART | _ | 32 fit | mark |
| 32 | fit | fit | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 28 fold | advcl |
| 33 | underneath | underneath | ADV | _ | 32 fit | advmod |
| 34 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 8 called | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | call speech: assert | present · passive | a beetle's hard front wings | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient | |||||
| 2 | cover | present | wings = wing | the soft flying wings | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme wing=Destination | ||||
| 3 | lift up | present | wings = wing not said here | flight | vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in flight=Destination | ||||
| 4 | fold | present | the thin back wings | like origami | vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | ||||
| 5 | fit | to-infinitive | the thin back wings not said here | underneath property | vn adjust-26.9 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:306-beetles-the-biggest-group-of-animals-on-earth-wing-cases-and-six-legs.lesson:10.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/306-beetles-the-biggest-group-of-animals-on-earth-wing-cases-and-six-legs/10/