Birds of prey and owls, sentence 12
Vultures ride thermals, columns of warm air rising from ground heated by the sun, so they soar most in the hot middle of the day, and glide for hours looking for dead animals; their strong stomach acid kills germs in rotting meat.
Who acts: Vultures, warm air, strong stomach acid · What happens: ride, rise, heat, soar, glide, look · To what, where: thermals, ground, germs, rotting meat
This is a sentence of the lesson «Birds of prey and owls» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Vultures, warm air, strong stomach acid), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Vultures | vulture | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 ride | nsubj |
| 2 | ride | ride | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | thermals | thermal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 ride | obj |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 columns | punct |
| 5 | columns | column | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 thermals | appos |
| 6 | of | of | ADP | _ | 8 air | case |
| 7 | warm | warm | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 air | amod |
| 8 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 columns | nmod |
| 9 | rising | rise | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 8 air | acl |
| 10 | from | from | ADP | _ | 11 ground | case |
| 11 | ground | ground | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 rising | obl |
| 12 | heated | heat | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 11 ground | acl |
| 13 | by | by | ADP | _ | 15 sun | case |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 sun | det |
| 15 | sun | sun | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 heated | obl |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 soar | punct |
| 17 | so | so | ADV | _ | 19 soar | advmod |
| 18 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 19 soar | nsubj |
| 19 | soar | soar | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 ride | conj |
| 20 | most | most | ADV | Degree=Sup | 19 soar | advmod |
| 21 | in | in | ADP | _ | 24 middle | case |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 middle | det |
| 23 | hot | hot | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 24 middle | amod |
| 24 | middle | middle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 soar | obl |
| 25 | of | of | ADP | _ | 27 day | case |
| 26 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 27 day | det |
| 27 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 middle | nmod |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 glide | punct |
| 29 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 30 glide | cc |
| 30 | glide | glide | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 19 soar | conj |
| 31 | for | for | ADP | _ | 32 hours | case |
| 32 | hours | hour | NOUN | Number=Plur | 30 glide | obl |
| 33 | looking | look | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 30 glide | advcl |
| 34 | for | for | ADP | _ | 36 animals | case |
| 35 | dead | dead | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 36 animals | amod |
| 36 | animals | animal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 looking | obl |
| 37 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 43 germs | punct |
| 38 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 41 acid | nmod:poss |
| 39 | strong | strong | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 41 acid | amod |
| 40 | stomach | stomach | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 acid | compound |
| 41 | acid | acid | NOUN | Number=Sing | 42 kills | nsubj |
| 42 | kills | kill | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 2 ride | parataxis |
| 43 | germs | germ | NOUN | Number=Plur | 42 kills | obj |
| 44 | in | in | ADP | _ | 46 meat | case |
| 45 | rotting | rot | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 46 meat | amod |
| 46 | meat | meat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 43 germs | nmod |
| 47 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 ride | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ride | present | Vultures | thermals | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thermal=Theme | ||||
| 2 | rise | gerund | warm air not said here | ground | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from ground=Initial_Location | ||||
| 3 | heat | participle | ground not said here | by the sun | vn cooking-45.3 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | ||||
| 4 | soar | present | Vultures = vulture | in the hot middle of the day | vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient in middle=Attribute | ||||
| 5 | glide | present | Vultures = vulture not said here | hour | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 6 | look | gerund | Vultures = vulture not said here | for dead animals | vn rummage-35.5 «NP V PP.location PP.theme»: agent=Agent for animal=Theme | ||||
| 7 | kill | present | Vultures's strong stomach acid | germs | rotting meat | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent germ=Theme | |||
| 8 | rot | gerund | vn entity_specific_cos-45.5 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:034-birds-of-prey-and-owls.lesson:12.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/34-birds-of-prey-and-owls/12/