Where milk comes from: cow to carton, cheese, butter and yoghurt, sentence 21

Many adults lose most of lactase, the body chemical that breaks down milk sugar, so milk gives them gas and a sore tummy; this happens in about two thirds of the world's adults but much less in northern Europe.

Who acts: Many adults, body chemical, milk, this · What happens: lose, break down, give, happen · To what, where: most, milk sugar, gas, adults, two thirds

This is a sentence of the lesson «Where milk comes from: cow to carton, cheese, butter and yoghurt» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Many adults, body chemical, milk, this), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 adults	amod
2	adults	adult	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 lose	nsubj
3	lose	lose	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	most	most	ADJ	Degree=Sup	3 lose	obj
5	of	of	ADP	_	6 lactase	case
6	lactase	lactase	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 most	nmod
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 chemical	punct
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 chemical	det
9	body	body	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 chemical	compound
10	chemical	chemical	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 lactase	appos
11	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	12 breaks	nsubj
12	breaks	break	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 chemical	acl:relcl
13	down	down	ADP	_	12 breaks	compound:prt
14	milk	milk	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 sugar	compound
15	sugar	sugar	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 breaks	obj
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 milk	punct
17	so	so	ADV	_	18 milk	advmod
18	milk	milk	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 gives	nsubj
19	gives	give	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 lose	parataxis
20	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	19 gives	iobj
21	gas	gas	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 gives	obj
22	and	and	CCONJ	_	25 tummy	cc
23	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	25 tummy	det
24	sore	sore	ADJ	Degree=Pos	25 tummy	amod
25	tummy	tummy	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 gas	conj
26	;	;	PUNCT	_	28 happens	punct
27	this	this	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	28 happens	nsubj
28	happens	happen	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 lose	parataxis
29	in	in	ADP	_	32 thirds	case
30	about	about	ADV	_	31 two	advmod
31	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	32 thirds	nummod
32	thirds	third	NOUN	Number=Plur	28 happens	obl
33	of	of	ADP	_	37 adults	case
34	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	35 world	det
35	world	world	NOUN	Number=Sing	37 adults	nmod:poss
36	's	's	PART	_	35 world	case
37	adults	adult	NOUN	Number=Plur	32 thirds	nmod
38	but	but	CCONJ	_	40 less	cc
39	much	much	ADV	_	40 less	advmod
40	less	less	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	37 adults	conj
41	in	in	ADP	_	43 Europe	case
42	northern	northern	ADJ	Degree=Pos	43 Europe	amod
43	Europe	Europe	PROPN	Number=Sing	40 less	obl
44	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 lose	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	roles by
1	lose	present	Many adults	most of lactase			vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent most=Eventuality
2	break down	present	the body chemical	milk sugar			vn break-45.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sugar=Patient
3	give	present	milk	gas and a sore tummy	adults = adult		vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent they=Recipient gas=Theme
4	happen	present	this			two thirds of the world's adults	vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in third=Location

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:341-where-milk-comes-from-cow-to-carton-cheese-butter-and-yoghurt.lesson:21.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/341-where-milk-comes-from-cow-to-carton-cheese-butter-and-yoghurt/21/