Bones by name: the skull, jaw, spine and ribs, sentence 11

The tailbone, or coccyx, is a few tiny vertebrae fused together, a leftover of the tails of our ancestors; muscles still attach to it, so a fall on it hurts.

Who acts: tailbone, muscles, fall · What happens: be, fuse, attach, hurt · To what, where: few tiny vertebrae, tailbone

This is a sentence of the lesson «Bones by name: the skull, jaw, spine and ribs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (tailbone, muscles, fall), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 tailbone	det
2	tailbone	tailbone	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 vertebrae	nsubj
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 coccyx	punct
4	or	or	CCONJ	_	5 coccyx	cc
5	coccyx	coccyx	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 tailbone	conj
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 vertebrae	punct
7	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 vertebrae	cop
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 vertebrae	det
9	few	few	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 vertebrae	amod
10	tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 vertebrae	amod
11	vertebrae	vertebra	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
12	fused	fuse	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	11 vertebrae	acl
13	together	together	ADV	_	12 fused	advmod
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 leftover	punct
15	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	16 leftover	det
16	leftover	leftover	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 vertebrae	appos
17	of	of	ADP	_	19 tails	case
18	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	19 tails	det
19	tails	tail	NOUN	Number=Plur	16 leftover	nmod
20	of	of	ADP	_	22 ancestors	case
21	our	our	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	22 ancestors	nmod:poss
22	ancestors	ancestor	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 tails	nmod
23	;	;	PUNCT	_	26 attach	punct
24	muscles	muscle	NOUN	Number=Plur	26 attach	nsubj
25	still	still	ADV	_	26 attach	advmod
26	attach	attach	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 vertebrae	parataxis
27	to	to	ADP	_	28 it	case
28	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	26 attach	obl
29	,	,	PUNCT	_	35 hurts	punct
30	so	so	ADV	_	35 hurts	advmod
31	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	32 fall	det
32	fall	fall	NOUN	Number=Sing	35 hurts	nsubj
33	on	on	ADP	_	34 it	case
34	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	32 fall	nmod
35	hurts	hurt	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	26 attach	conj
36	.	.	PUNCT	_	11 vertebrae	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	the tailbone or coccyx	a few tiny vertebrae				tree rules
2	fuse	participle		a few tiny vertebrae not said here			together property	vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient
3	attach	present	muscles		tailbone	still		vn shake-22.3-2-1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent to it=Co-Patient
4	hurt	present	a fall on tailbone					vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:357-bones-by-name-the-skull-jaw-spine-and-ribs.lesson:11.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/357-bones-by-name-the-skull-jaw-spine-and-ribs/11/