City birds: sparrows, starlings, swifts, crows and peregrines on tall buildings, sentence 16

City birds often sing higher, louder or at quieter times like night to be heard over traffic; city great tits sing higher notes than forest ones, and in San Francisco birds sang more softly in the quiet lockdown.

Who acts: City birds, city great tits, San birds · What happens: sing, hear · To what, where: traffic, higher notes, quiet lockdown

This is a sentence of the lesson «City birds: sparrows, starlings, swifts, crows and peregrines on tall buildings» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (City birds, city great tits, San birds), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	City	city	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 birds	compound
2	birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
3	often	often	ADV	_	4 sing	advmod
4	sing	sing	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	2 birds	acl
5	higher	high	ADV	Degree=Cmp	4 sing	advmod
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 louder	punct
7	louder	loud	ADV	Degree=Cmp	5 higher	conj
8	or	or	CCONJ	_	11 times	cc
9	at	at	ADP	_	11 times	case
10	quieter	quiet	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	11 times	amod
11	times	time	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 louder	obl
12	like	like	ADP	_	13 night	case
13	night	night	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 times	nmod
14	to	to	PART	_	16 heard	mark
15	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	16 heard	aux:pass
16	heard	hear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	13 night	acl
17	over	over	ADP	_	18 traffic	case
18	traffic	traffic	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 heard	obl
19	;	;	PUNCT	_	22 tits	punct
20	city	city	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 tits	compound
21	great	great	ADJ	Degree=Pos	22 tits	amod
22	tits	tit	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 birds	conj
23	sing	sing	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	22 tits	acl
24	higher	high	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	25 notes	amod
25	notes	note	NOUN	Number=Plur	23 sing	obj
26	than	than	ADP	_	28 ones	case
27	forest	forest	NOUN	Number=Sing	28 ones	compound
28	ones	one	NOUN	Number=Plur	25 notes	nmod
29	,	,	PUNCT	_	35 sang	punct
30	and	and	CCONJ	_	35 sang	cc
31	in	in	ADP	_	34 birds	case
32	San	San	PROPN	Number=Sing	34 birds	compound
33	Francisco	Francisco	PROPN	Number=Sing	32 San	flat
34	birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	35 sang	nsubj
35	sang	sing	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	23 sing	conj
36	more	more	ADV	Degree=Cmp	37 softly	advmod
37	softly	softly	ADV	Degree=Pos	35 sang	advmod
38	in	in	ADP	_	41 lockdown	case
39	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	41 lockdown	det
40	quiet	quiet	ADJ	Degree=Pos	41 lockdown	amod
41	lockdown	lockdown	NOUN	Number=Sing	35 sang	obl
42	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 birds	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	sing speech: express	gerund	City birds and city great tits not said here			high, often property	vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	hear	to-infinitive · passive	City birds and city great tits not said here		traffic		vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»
3	sing speech: express	gerund	city great tits not said here	higher notes		than forest ones	vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location note=Theme
4	sing speech: express	past	San birds		the quiet lockdown	softly property	vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in lockdown=Location

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings.lesson:16.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/369-city-birds-sparrows-starlings-swifts-crows-and-peregrines-on-tall-buildings/16/