How animals talk, sentence 15
Each bottlenose dolphin has its own signature whistle, a bit like a name, which others can copy to call it, and dolphins seem to remember old companions' whistles for 20 years or more.
Who acts: bottlenose dolphin, others, dolphins, dolphin, old companions · What happens: have, copy, call, seem, remember, whistle · To what, where: own signature whistle, whistle, whistles · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «How animals talk» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (bottlenose dolphin, others, dolphins, dolphin), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Each | each | DET | PronType=Tot | 3 dolphin | det |
| 2 | bottlenose | bottlenose | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 dolphin | compound |
| 3 | dolphin | dolphin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 has | nsubj |
| 4 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 8 whistle | nmod:poss |
| 6 | own | own | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 whistle | amod |
| 7 | signature | signature | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 whistle | compound |
| 8 | whistle | whistle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 has | obj |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 bit | punct |
| 10 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 11 bit | det |
| 11 | bit | bit | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 whistle | appos |
| 12 | like | like | ADP | _ | 14 name | case |
| 13 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 14 name | det |
| 14 | name | name | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 bit | nmod |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 copy | punct |
| 16 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 19 copy | obj |
| 17 | others | other | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 copy | nsubj |
| 18 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 19 copy | aux |
| 19 | copy | copy | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 8 whistle | parataxis |
| 20 | to | to | PART | _ | 21 call | mark |
| 21 | call | call | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 19 copy | xcomp |
| 22 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 21 call | obj |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 seem | punct |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 seem | cc |
| 25 | dolphins | dolphin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 seem | nsubj |
| 26 | seem | seem | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 has | conj |
| 27 | to | to | PART | _ | 28 remember | mark |
| 28 | remember | remember | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 26 seem | xcomp |
| 29 | old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 30 companions | amod |
| 30 | companions | companion | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 whistles | nmod:poss |
| 31 | ' | 's | PART | _ | 30 companions | case |
| 32 | whistles | whistle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 remember | obj |
| 33 | for | for | ADP | _ | 35 years | case |
| 34 | 20 | 20 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 35 years | nummod |
| 35 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 remember | obl |
| 36 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 37 more | cc |
| 37 | more | more | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 35 years | conj |
| 38 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 has | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed polarity=none
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | each bottlenose dolphin | dolphin's own signature whistle | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent whistle=Patient | ||||
| 2 | copy | can | others | dolphin's own signature whistle | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | call | to-infinitive | others not said here | whistle | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent it=Recipient | ||||
| 4 | seem | present | dolphins | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Theme clause=Attribute | |||||
| 5 | remember | to-infinitive | dolphins not said here | old companions's whistles | year | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent whistle=Theme | |||
| 6 | whistle | dolphin | nom whistle «event intransitive»: poss=agent | ||||||
| 7 | whistle | old companions | nom whistle «event intransitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:050-how-animals-talk.lesson:15.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/50-how-animals-talk/15/