How animals hide: camouflage and mimicry, sentence 5
A chameleon changes colour by moving tiny crystals in special skin cells, which changes how light bounces off its skin; it does this mostly to signal to other chameleons and to control its temperature.
Who acts: chameleon, special skin cells, light · What happens: change, move, bounce off, do, signal, control · To what, where: colour, tiny crystals, special skin cells, skin, this, other chameleons
This is a sentence of the lesson «How animals hide: camouflage and mimicry» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (chameleon, special skin cells, light), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 2 chameleon | det |
| 2 | chameleon | chameleon | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 changes | nsubj |
| 3 | changes | change | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | colour | colour | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 changes | obj |
| 5 | by | by | SCONJ | _ | 6 moving | mark |
| 6 | moving | move | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 3 changes | advcl |
| 7 | tiny | tiny | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 crystals | amod |
| 8 | crystals | crystal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 moving | obj |
| 9 | in | in | ADP | _ | 12 cells | case |
| 10 | special | special | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 cells | amod |
| 11 | skin | skin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 cells | compound |
| 12 | cells | cell | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 moving | obl |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 changes | punct |
| 14 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 15 changes | nsubj |
| 15 | changes | change | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 cells | acl:relcl |
| 16 | how | how | ADV | PronType=Int | 18 bounces | advmod |
| 17 | light | light | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 bounces | nsubj |
| 18 | bounces | bounce | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 15 changes | ccomp |
| 19 | off | off | ADP | _ | 21 skin | case |
| 20 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 21 skin | nmod:poss |
| 21 | skin | skin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 bounces | obl |
| 22 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 24 does | punct |
| 23 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 24 does | nsubj |
| 24 | does | do | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 changes | parataxis |
| 25 | this | this | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 24 does | obj |
| 26 | mostly | mostly | ADV | _ | 28 signal | advmod |
| 27 | to | to | PART | _ | 28 signal | mark |
| 28 | signal | signal | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 24 does | advcl |
| 29 | to | to | ADP | _ | 31 chameleons | case |
| 30 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 chameleons | amod |
| 31 | chameleons | chameleon | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 signal | obl |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 34 control | cc |
| 33 | to | to | PART | _ | 34 control | mark |
| 34 | control | control | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 28 signal | conj |
| 35 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 36 temperature | nmod:poss |
| 36 | temperature | temperature | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 control | obj |
| 37 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 changes | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | change | present | a chameleon | colour | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent colour=Patient | ||||
| 2 | move | gerund | a chameleon not said here | tiny crystals | special skin cells | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent crystal=Theme | |||
| 3 | change | present | special skin cells | tree rules | |||||
| 4 | bounce off | present | light | chameleon's skin | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skin=Agent | ||||
| 5 | do | present | chameleon | this | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent this=Eventuality | ||||
| 6 | signal speech: other | to-infinitive | chameleon not said here | other chameleons | mostly property | vn instr_communication-37.4.1 «NP V PP.recipient that S»: agent=Agent to chameleon=Recipient | |||
| 7 | control | to-infinitive | chameleon not said here | chameleon's temperature | vn enforce-63 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent temperature=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:051-how-animals-hide.lesson:5.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/51-how-animals-hide/5/